Pragmastylistics Theorists and Theories

Leo Hickey

“How do you do?” - Connection between choices in the manner of expression (stylistic) and the conditions under such choices are made (pragma)

Dell Hymes

4 criteria of communicative competence - possible, feasible (to what degree), appropriate, done (and how frequently)

Sidney Greenbaum

4 criteria of communicative competence - Grammaticality is related to competence, acceptability related to performance (expansion on Noam Chomsky)

Merrill Swain

Reclassifying 4 criteria of competence - grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence

Strategic Discourse (Swain)

Reduction, Compensation, Cooperative, Non-verbal

MAK Halliday

Field, mode, tenor

Benoît Mandelbrot

Paradox of Conversation: highly structured and highly predictable yet not?

Wallace Chafe

Writing vs speech a stereotyped view

Deborah Cameron

e-literacy and literacy — writing now accessible to everyone, free to deviate

Martin Joos

Clines of Formality

Clines of Formality

intimate, casual, consultative, formal, oratorical

Edward T Hall

4 proxemic zones - intimate, personal, social, public

Sali A Tagliamonte

teen talkT

Teen Talk Characteristics

intensifiers, quotatives, openers/closing forms, generic terms, offline/online interaction

John C Wells

pyramid, regional variation of English accents versus class

Robin Lakoff

Language of Marginalization (Language & Women’s Place, 1975)

Dale Spender

Dominance Theory

Dominance Theory

language embodies structures that sustain male power. Linguistic determinism (master vs mistress)

Tannen

Difference Theory

Difference Theory

Contrasts male and female speech. Men = norm, women must adapt

Jones

Gossip: language in all-female groups: House talk, scandal, bitching, chatting

Jennifer Coates

Gossip Key Features: repetition, jointly constructed utterances, minimal responses, hedges

J.Austin

Speech Act: locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary

J. Searle

Expansion of Speech Act - Representatives, Directives, Commissives, Declarative/Performative, Expressives

Deborah Cameron (Gender)

Gender Similarity - Difference = myth, more about power

Paul Grice

Maxims of Cooperation: Quantity, Quality, Manner, Relation

Geoffrey Leech

Expansion of Maxims: Politeness

Politeness Expansion of Maxims

Tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy

Max Black

Interactional Theory — Metaphor takes place @ conceptual/Intensional level. Process of selection, suppression, emphasis (highlight + Observe)

Lakoff and Johnson

Metaphors are conceptual in Nature - experiential/structural, orientational, ontological

Bertrand Russell

Emotional connotations, positive/negative: I am thin, you are skinny, he/she is scrawny