HIST001 EXAM 1 (2024)

Pastoralists

People who herded domesticated animals and relied on them for food, clothing, and shelter, often migrating in search of grazing land.

Sargon

An ancient Mesopotamian ruler who created one of the first empires around 2334 BCE, known for his military conquests and administration.

Code of Hammurabi

One of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length, created by Hammurabi, establishing laws and justice in society.

Menes

Credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty around 3100 BCE.

Khufu

An ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, best known for commissioning the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Hyksos

A group of foreign rulers who invaded and controlled parts of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, introducing new technologies like the chariot.

Chariot

A two-wheeled vehicle drawn by horses, used in ancient warfare and racing, significantly impacting military tactics.

Ahmose I

An ancient Egyptian pharaoh who drove out the Hyksos and founded the 18th Dynasty, marking the beginning of the New Kingdom.

Hatshepsut

One of the few female pharaohs of ancient Egypt, known for her prosperous reign and extensive building projects.

Thutmose III

A pharaoh known as the "Napoleon of Egypt," who expanded the empire to its greatest extent through military campaigns.

Indo-Europeans

A group of nomadic peoples who migrated from the steppes of Central Asia and spread their languages and cultures across Europe and Asia.

Hittites

An ancient Anatolian people who established an empire in modern-day Turkey, known for their advances in technology and law.

Ramses II

A long-reigning pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, known for his military victories and monumental architecture.

Phoenicians

An ancient Semitic-speaking people known for their seafaring trade, establishing colonies, and creating one of the first alphabets.

Assyrian Empire

A major Mesopotamian kingdom known for its military strength, extensive bureaucracy, and cultural achievements.

Archaic Age

A period of cultural and political development in Greece (circa 800-500 BCE), characterized by the rise of city-states and the establishment of colonies.

Hoplite

A heavily armed foot soldier in ancient Greece, known for fighting in a phalanx formation.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece, which was the basic political unit of Greek civilization.

Sparta

Characterized by an oligarchy, where power was held by a small group of elite citizens, particularly the military class.

Athens

Developed a form of democracy where citizens participated directly in decision-making, although women and slaves had no political rights.

Persian Empire

A vast empire in ancient history, known for its cultural diversity, administrative efficiency, and the establishment of satrapies.

Cyrus II

The founder of the Persian Empire, known for his policies of tolerance and respect for local customs.

Cambyses II

The son of Cyrus the Great, known for his conquest of Egypt and expansion of the Persian Empire.

Darius I

A king of Persia known for his administrative reforms, including the division of the empire into satrapies.

Satrapies

Administrative divisions of the Persian Empire, each governed by a satrap, who acted as the king's representative.

Zoroastrianism

An ancient Persian religion founded by the prophet Zoroaster, emphasizing dualism between good and evil and the concept of judgment.

Persian War

A series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, marked by key battles such as Marathon and Salamis.

Battle of Marathon

A key battle in the Persian War where Athenian forces defeated a larger Persian army (490 BCE).

Xerxes

The son of Darius I and king of Persia who led the second invasion of Greece, known for his massive army and naval fleet.

Battle of Salamis

A naval battle where the Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy (480 BCE), turning the tide in the Persian War.

Battle of Plataea

The final land battle of the Persian War (479 BCE), resulting in a decisive Greek victory and the end of Persian ambitions in Greece.

Macedonia

A kingdom in northern Greece that rose to power under Philip II and later became the center of Alexander the Great's empire.

Philip II

The king of Macedonia who unified the Greek city-states and set the stage for his son Alexander the Great's conquests.

Alexander III

Known as Alexander the Great, he was a king of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires