Vocabulary Flashcards Unit 8

South African nationalist leader of the African National Congress (ANC), arrested for opposing white rule in South Africa. He used non-violent protest methods, was released from prison, and became South Africa's first democratically elected president in 1994.

Nelson Mandela

A 20th-century political ideology advocating for the unity, solidarity, and cultural-political integration of Arab nations, stretching from North Africa to the Middle East, aiming to end Western colonial influence and promote secularism and socialism.

Pan-Arabism

Mao Zedong's economic and social process where a government takes ownership or control of private assets, industries, or resources, moving them into the public sector. Occurred in China from 1958 to 1961, aiming to transform the country into a modern industrial society; resulted in famine and the deaths of 30-60 million people.

The Great Leap Forward

Independence leader in the Belgian Congo and prime minister of the newly independent Republic of Congo; deposed and assassinated for his leftist leanings in government.

Patrice Lumumba

A group of states not formally allied with or against any major power bloc during the Cold War; examples include Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana.

Non-Aligned Movement

Large collective farms in China under Mao Zedong.

Communes

The process or act of freeing a colony or eliminating colonialism.

Decolonization

US plan to revive war-torn economies of Europe, offering $13 billion in aid to Western and Southern Europe to improve economies and prevent communism.

The Marshall Plan

President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; a central figure in Arab nationalism and postcolonial state-building, who sought to assert independence from Western influence, modernize Egypt through state-led economic reforms, and promote pan-Arab unity.

Gamel Abdel Nasser

After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1947, India was separated into two countries: Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus. This led to conflict, population displacement, and resettlement, with between 500,000 and 2 million killed in massacres.

Partition

US theory stating that if one country fell to Communism, others would follow. This justified American military intervention in places like Korea and Vietnam.

Domino Theory

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. Became the first prime minister of Ghana and a leader of the Pan-Africa movement and Non-Aligned Movement.

Kwame Nkruma

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern European nations.

The Warsaw Pact

A 20th-century political and cultural movement promoting global solidarity among people of African descent, aiming to unite Africans and the diaspora to fight against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, fostering African decolonization and independence movements.

Pan-Africanism

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance (Salt March, Homespun Movement). He led the Indian National Congress from 1920, opposed British rule in India, and wanted a united India for both Muslims and Hindus.

Mohandas Gandhi

A war in which powers conflict using third parties as substitutes instead of fighting directly. Examples include the Korean War, Afghanistan War, and Sandinista-Contras conflict.

Proxy War

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba; born in 1927.

Fidel Castro

An organization founded in 1906 to protest the interests of India's Muslims, later proposing the division of India into separate Muslim and Hindu majority nations (Pakistan and India). Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1913 until the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Muslim League

An international Jewish movement formerly for reestablishing in Palestine a Jewish national homeland, and now for supporting and developing it.

Zionism

The sudden and forceful attempt of a group, especially of military or other government personnel, to seize state power.

Coup

A policy where land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those with little or none. Practiced in Communist nations to gain support from poor peasants.

Land Redistribution

Started in China by Mao Zedong (1966-1976) to eliminate rivals and train a new generation in revolutionary spirit; created communist China, attacked traditional Chinese values, and resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailing, and the deaths of 1-2 million Chinese.

Cultural Revolution

Movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Membership was middle class, and it gained momentum under Gandhi after 1920.

Indian National Congress

1947 policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helping Greece and Turkey.

Truman Doctrine

Ideological and economic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, representing capitalism and communism. Lasted from 1945 to 1992, with no direct confrontation but proxy wars and threats.

The Cold War

The process where a government takes ownership or control of private assets, industries, or resources, moving them into the public sector to enhance economic sovereignty, secure resources during crises, or promote industrialization.

Nationalize

A network of Islamist terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, responsible for attacks on US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001.

Al Qaeda

South African social policy and racial segregation involving political and economic discrimination against non-whites. Ended in 1994.

Apartheid

A government policy intended to curb the territorial growth, economic expansion, or ideological influence of a hostile nation, particularly communist nations.

Containment

An Arabic word meaning struggle against enemies; holy war.

Jihad

An alliance of capitalist nations made to defend one another if attacked by any other country, such as the USSR; included the US, England, France, Canada, and Western European countries.

NATO

Leader of the Communist Party in China who overthrew the Nationalists and established the People’s Republic of China.

Mao Zedung

Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division in Europe between the Soviet-dominated East and the US-dominated West.

Iron Curtain

Nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam in the 1950s and 60s; fought against French colonization and American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine using guerrilla warfare, making the war unwinnable for the US.

Ho Chi Minh

A policy of Soviet leader Gorbachev that called for more openness and transparency in the Soviet government, relaxing restraints on Soviet citizenry, less censorship, and greater contact between the USSR and Western states.

Glasnost

"Mother city;" many people from former colonies moved to these locations, maintaining cultural and economic ties between the colony even after the dissolution of empires. Examples include South Asians to Britain, Algerians to France, and Filipinos to the United States.

Imperial metropoles

Occurred in Iran in 1962 as the Shah’s attempt to appease Iranian citizens. Included land reform, profit sharing, and women’s right to vote.

White Revolution