Grade 10 Final Exam Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards for the Grade 10 Final Exam, covering essential Biology, Chemistry, and Optics terminology based on the provided study guide.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that includes stages such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Interphase

The phase in the cell cycle that occurs before mitosis begins.

Meristematic cells

Undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of specialization and differentiation.

Transgenic organisms

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered to contain genes from other species.

Mutation

A change or alteration in the gene sequence.

Cell differentiation

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

Bohr-Rutherford diagram

A model representing the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom.

Lewis dot diagram

A diagram that shows the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

Periods

The horizontal rows in the periodic table that relate to the atomic structure.

Groups

The vertical columns in the periodic table that relate to elements having similar properties and atomic structures.

Binary ionic compound

A chemical compound consisting of two different elements, a metal and a non-metal, named using the cross-over rule and the suffix "-ide".

Multivalent ionic compound

Ionic compounds where the metal cation can have more than one possible charge, indicated by Roman numerals in the name.

Polyatomic ionic

Compounds involving ions composed of multiple atoms, such as $OH^-$, $PO_4^{-3}$, $SO_4^{-2}$, $CO_3^{-2}$, $NO_3^-$, and $NH_4^+$.

Binary molecular compound

A chemical compound composed of two different non-metals, named using prefixes such as mono-, di-, or tri-.

Law of conservation of mass

The principle stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Synthesis reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product.

Decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction where a complex compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

Single displacement

A type of reaction where one element takes the place of another element in a compound, predicted using the activity series.

Double displacement

A chemical reaction where two compounds exchange bonds or ions to form different compounds.

Neutralization

A specific type of double displacement reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt.

pH scale

A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Indicators

Substances used to detect the presence of acids or bases by changing color.

Luminescence

The emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat.

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Total internal reflection

The complete reflection of a light ray back into its original medium, occurring when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Apparent depth

An optical phenomenon where an object underwater appears to be at a different depth than it actually is due to refraction.

Sundogs

An optical phenomenon that consists of bright spots of light in the sky, often on either side of the sun.