SI prefix multipliers and conversions

tera (T)

10^12

giga (G)

10^9

mega (M)

10^6

kilo (k)

10^3

deci (d)

10^-1

centi (c)

10^-2

milli (m)

10^-3

micro (μ)

10^-6

nano (n)

10^-9

pico (p)

10^-12

v

wave frequency ( number of waves n a given period unit is Hertz or 1 / s )

h

Planks constant 6.626 x 10^-34 J * s

λ

Lambda (wavelength)

E

energy

c

speed of light

Order of frequency

radio waves -> microwaves -> infared -> visable light -> UV -> x ray -> gamma ray

Paul exclusion principle

no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) - two electrons can exist in the same shell and orbital, but must have the opposite spin

Aufbau principle

lowest energy orbitals are filled before higher energy orbitals (s

Hund's rule (octet rule)

when filling degenerate orbitals, electrons are evenly distributed before completely filling each orbital.

Brogolie's equation

λ = h / mu

m

mass of electron

u

speed of electron in m/s