NTRI 2000: Exam 3 Abbasi

amino acids

Which of the following are the building blocks of protein?

cytoplasm

Where foes protein synthesis occur? DNA --> mRNA

chronic insufficiency of energy and protein (lack of calories)

What is Marasmus? (loose skin, prominent bones)

amino acids that normally are nonessential but become essential in illness

What defines a conditionally essential amino acid?

Phenylalaine

What is the precursor to the amino acid tyrosine?

Visceral: stored in abdominal cavity

Subcutaneous: lying beneath the skin

What is the difference between visceral and subcutaneous fat?

True

True or False: Ghrelin is the hunger-stimulating hormone secreted by the stomach

True

True or False: The DRI for protein for healthy adults is 0.8g/kg or 2.2 pounds

True

True or False: Leptin is the appetite-suppressing hormone produced in the fat cells

breaks down denatured proteins into smaller peptides

What is the function of pepsin?

blood pressure measurement

Which is NOT a way of measuring body composition and fat distribution?

30 or higher

What is the body mass index for obese?

hormones released by adipose tissues, affecting metabolic status, obesity

What are adipokines?

True

True or False: The substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the protein strand causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped

excretes amine groups; converts residues to glycogen or fat

What processes occur in the body when there is an oversupply of aminoi acids?

less than 18.5

What is the body mass index (BMI) for underweight?

False

True or False: Ketosis is metabolic state that occurs when your body burns glycose for energy instead of fat

increasing age, male gender, family history (heredity)

What are non-modifiable riskfactors for cardiovascular disease (cannot be controlled)

body temperature

Which of the following is NOT a method for measuring body composition and fat distribution?

anorexia nervosa

Which eating disorder is most commonly associated with a distorted body image?

True

True or False: Kwashiorkor is an adequate energy with insufficient protein

at least oen amino group (NH2), one carbonyl (acid) group (COOH), and a side chain (R Group)

What is the structure of amino acids?

different R groups (20 of them)

What makes amino acids different?

primary, secondary, terituary, quaternary

What are the different protein structures?

primary protein structure

sequence of a chain of amino acids

secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

quaternary protein structure

2+ protein chains forming functional protein

nitrogen balance

the amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a given time period

postive nitrogen balance

nitrogen in exceeds nitrogen out

pregnant, muscle building, growing child

What are examples of positve nitrogen balance?

healthy college student, young retiree

What are examples of equal nitrogen balance?

equal nitrogen balance

nitrogen in matches nitrogen out

negative nitrogen balance

nitrogen in is less than nitrogen out

astronaut and surgery patient

What are examples of negative nitrogen balance?

sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, gastric banding

What are the 3 surgeries for the stomach?

sleeve gastrectomy

about 80% of the stomach is removed, leaving a tube-like structure; this greatly reduces the stomach's capacity and its output of ghrelin (hunger hormone)

gastric bypass

the surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly to the lower small intestine

gastric banding

the surgeon uses gastric band to reduce the opening from the esophagus to the stomach. the size of the opening can be adjusted by inflating or deflating the band through a port located just under the skin

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m^2)

How do you calculate BMI?

essential amino acids

body cannot make on their own, must be supplied in diet

9

How many amino acids are essential?

histidine, lsoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that the body can make itself

11

How many amino acids are nonessential

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glytamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

What are the 11 nonessential amino acids?

phenlylalanine

What is the precursor to the amino acid tyrosine?

methionine, serine

What is the precursor to the amino acid cysteine?

glutamate

What is the precursor to the amino acid proline?

glutamine or glutamate, aspartate

What is the precursor to the amino acid arginine?

glutamate, ammonia

What is the precursor to the amino acid glutamine?