Intermediate Systems of Knowledge Lecture Review

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the lecture on Systems of Knowledge, focusing on governance, democracy, citizenship, human rights, environmental issues, the scientific method, and more.

Sovereignty

The supreme authority within a territory that rests with different entities like the monarch or the people.

Monarchy

A system of government where sovereignty is held by a single individual, usually a king or queen, who inherits the position through hereditary succession.

Tyranny

A government in which absolute power is concentrated in a single ruler who is not bound by laws or constitutions.

Aristocracy

A system of government in which political power is held by a small, privileged group, with authority granted by birth rather than merit.

Oligarchy

A system where power is concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy individuals or families.

Anarchy

The absence of any governing body or authority, often leading to chaos and instability.

Theocracy

A system of government in which religious leaders hold political power and laws are based on religious doctrine.

Democracy

A political system where power is vested in the people, allowing citizens to participate in decision-making.

Direct Democracy

A system where citizens participate directly in decision making rather than electing representatives.

Athenian Democracy

An early form of direct democracy developed in ancient Athens, where free male citizens could attend the Assembly and vote.

Citizenship

Defined as a set of rights and duties giving equal status to each citizen in a political community.

Active Citizenship

Citizens actively engaging in the political process, influencing decisions made by representatives.

Human Rights

Fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, ensuring equality, dignity, and independence.

Biodiversity

The variety of all living organisms in a particular ecosystem; essential for ecosystem resilience and services.

Climate Change

A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, particularly associated with increased average temperatures.

Pollution

The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, impacting ecosystems, health, and quality of life.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The Green Deal

The EU's plan to become climate-neutral by 2050, including targets for energy efficiency and emissions reduction.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach that involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis to acquire knowledge.

Positivism

The philosophy that asserts valid assertions must be scientifically verifiable or logically provable, rejecting metaphysical explanations.

Paradigm Shift

A fundamental change in the basic concepts and practices of a scientific discipline, often accompanying revolutions in thought.

Ethics in Science

The moral implications and responsibilities related to scientific conduct and applications, encompassing various ethical dilemmas.

Artificial Intelligence

A technology that enables machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, raising ethical concerns surrounding privacy and job displacement.