insect behavior midterm 1

what kind of skeleton is an insect body

exoskeleton

what kind of eyes in an insect body

compound

how many legs in an insect

six

what are the body segments of an insect body

head, thorax, abdomen

how many pairs of antennae in an insect

one

how many species are insects

one million

when did insects evolve

400-500 million years ago

holometabolous insects

under metamorphosis

hemimetabolous insects

undergo molts but no metamorphosis

what is behavior

coordinated responses of living organisms to internal/external stimuli

afferents

inputs to CNS

efferents

outputs from CNS

homologous traits

share common function and ancestor

analogous traits

similar function but not a shared evolutionary origin

what did von frisch focus on

sensory biology honey bees

what did lorenz focus on

imprinting in birds

what did imprinting allow birds to do

learn species to copy for mating

what did von frisch discover

dance language

what are fixed action patterns elicited by

sign stimulus

what is a supernormal stimulus

exaggerated version of the stimulus and elicits a stronger response

what did tinbergen focus on

stimuli-response relationships

what are tinbergens 4 questions

causation, development, function, evolution

what is proximate

how the behavior happens

what is ultimate

why the behavior occurs

what is internal validity

questions about the sample

what is external validity

questions about interpretations and generalizations of the sample

what are the different types of measurements

events, states, frequency, rate

what is events vs. states

determined by duration of behavior

what is the duration events

instantaneous

what is the duration of states

long

what is frequency

number of occurrences

what is rate

per unit time

what is regular sampling

move through all individuals in a class

what is irregular sampling

individuals chosen based on some behavioral criteria

cnidarians have what kind of nervous system

simplest

echinoderms have what kind of nervous system

nerve ring with radial nerves

planarians have what kind of nervous system

evolution of a CNS

arthropods have what kind of nervous system

CNS, segmental ganglia

mollusks have what kind of nervous system

CNS

vertebrates have what kind of nervous system

CNS and PNS

which animal taxa have no true brain but do possess ganglia

cnidarians and echinoderms

what animal taxa do posses a brain and nerve cords

planarians

monopolar

single axon

unipolar

single process divides into axon and dendrites

pseudounipolar

one branch from soma splits into two

bipolar

soma in the middle

multipolar

one axon and many dendrites

glial

non-neuronal cells that provide support/protection for neurons

corpus cardiacum + corpus allata

organs that secrete neurohormones

ganglia

dense cluster of neurons

opitc lobes connect to

compound eyes

mushroom bodies receive olfactory information from

antennal lobes

central complex processes sensory input from

eye, antennae, other modalities

subsoesophageal zone

innervates sensory organs and muscles of the mouthparts and salivary glands

how many pairs is thoracic ganglia and abdominal ganglia, respectively

3 and 8

central pattern generator

neural circuit that produce rhythmic outputs without rhythmic inputs

stomatogastic ganglion (STG) sets up two rhythms

pyloric and gastric mill

what is pyloric rhythm

filters food as it passes to midgut

what does gastric mill rhythm do

pulverizes food

mechanosensory sensilla is activated by

bending the seta (hair)

olfactory sensilla is activated by

chemicals

all sensory perception is mediated through

neurons

ommatidia

optical units making up the compound eye

opsins

light sensitive proteins that convert light into signals

chromophore

region of the opsin that absorbs wavelengths and reflect others

basiconic sensilla have what kind of structure

peg like

nanopores in basiconic sensilla

where molecules enter the sensillum and bind to sensory neuron dendrites

major types of olfactory sensilla

basiconic, trichoid, coeloconic

olfactory pathway in insect brain order

ORN to antennal lobes to projection neurons to mushroom bodies

bristles

respond to touchtrich

obothria

respond to air currents and sound

chordotonal organs

respond to stretching

campaniform sensilla

respond to cuticle deformation

scolopidia

basic unit of mechanoreception

in an empty stomach

mechanosensitive ion channels remain closed when neurons not deformed

a full stomach is when

stomach expansion deforms neurons and open mechanosensitive ion channels

tympanal organ

hearing organ

hygroreception

ability to detect moisture

takeoff modes

escape and voluntary

giant fiber

takes information directly from visual system to ventral nerve cord

supergene

chromosomal region where many genes are inherited together

odorant binding protein (product of Gp-9)

traffics odor molecules to ORs in the sensilla

transgene

gene not normally expressed in that organism

GAL4 determines

where the gene of interest is expressed

UAS determines

what is expressed

knockout

making a gene nonfunctionaly

gamergates

workers that become sexually reproductive

nutrient sensors

regulate food intake, insulin production, peripheral nutrient storage

steps of feeding

palpation, exploratory bites, continued feeding

central place foraging

travel from home base to distant location and back

mass provisioning

parent provides all the food for offspring before she lays

progressive provisioning

adults continue to directly feed offspring

social food storage

collecting and storing

trophallaxis

direct exchange of regurgitated liquids

hilltopping

male aggregation on a hilltop

mating swarms

aggregations in the air

mating flights

honey bee queens mate on the wing

mating balls

scramble competition for mates