Protein Synthesis

Translation

________: RNA to protein, ribosome.

Gene

________: stretch of DNA that codes for a protein.

Acceptor stem

________: end that combines with an amino acid.

Genome

________: total genetic information of an organism.

Genetic code

________: DNA instructions that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein.

genome

total genetic information of an organism

gene

stretch of DNA that codes for a protein

genetic code

DNA instructions that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein

transcription

DNA to RNA, nucleus

translation

RNA to protein, ribosome

5 end

7 methylguanosine cap

3 end

addition of a polyadenine tail

acceptor stem

end that combines with an amino acid

anticodon loop

contains anticodon

A site

where tRNA brings new amino acid

P site

1st binding site

spontaneous

DNA replication

induced

exposed to mutagen

Genome

the total genetic information of an organism

Gene

stretch of DNA that codes for protein

Locus

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Genetic code

DNA instructions that specifies amino acid sequence of protein

Central dogma

flow of information from DNA to the synthesis of proteins

Transcription

DNA to RNA, in the nucleus

Translation

RNA to protein, in the cytoplasm (ribosomes)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

coding RNA, carries genetic code from DNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

noncoding RNA, carry amino acids to ribosomes to add to a polypeptide chain that is being formed during translation

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

forms complex with proteins to form two ribosomal subunits that make up ribosomes, structures where protein synthesis occurs

When is a gene expressed

when a protein is synthesized from it

Transcription

synthesis of mRNA from a DNA gene sequence

RNA polymerase

enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from DNA

promoter region

where RNA polymerase attaches

transcription factors

required for transcription

Helicases

unwind the two stands of DNA (coding strand and template strand)

Template strand

strand of DNA that RNA polymerase reads

Coding strand

strand of DNA that matches new mRNA

terminator sequence

codon that indicates to stop transcription

mRNA synthesis occurs in the ____ direction

5' to 3' (attaching at the 3' end of RNA)

3 forms of RNA processing

At the 5' end of the mRNA: addition of a 7 methylguanosine cap; At the 3' end of the mRNA: addition of a poly adenine (poly-A) tail; Splicing: removal of introns and exons are rejoined

Alternative splicing

generating diverse protein products from a single gene

Codon

triplet of nucleotides within mRNA that specifies and amino acid

tRNA

match an amino acid to the codon sequence of mRNA

Anticodon loop

contains a triplet nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a codon of mRNA

rRNA

forms complex with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits

P site

peptidyl tRNA, 1st site where a tRNA binds

A site

aminoacyl tRNA, site where tRNA molecule brings in new amino acid

Inherited mutations

mutations passed down from our parents

Spontaneous mutations

errors in DNA replication

Induced mutations

exposure to mutagen