latin grammar

First declension noun endings

a, am, ae, ae, a

ae, as, arum, is, is

Second declension noun endings (masculine)

Us, um, i, o, o

i, os, orum, is, is

Second declension noun endings (neuter)

Um, um, i, o, o

a, a, orum, is, is

Third declension noun endings

x, em, is, i, e

es, es, ium, ibus, ibus

Fourth declension noun endings

us, um, us, ui, u

us, us, um, ibus, ibus

Fifth declension noun endings

es, em, ei, ei, e

es, es, erum, ebus, ebus

I/we pronouns

ego, me, -, mihi, me

nos, nos, -, nobis, nobis

you pronouns

tu, te, -, tibi, te

vos, vos, -, vobis, vobis

He/They pronouns

-, se, -, sibi, se

-, se, -, sibi, se

First and second declension adjective endings (masculine)

Us, um, i, o, o

i, os, orum, is, is

First and second declension adjective endings (Feminine)

a, am, ae, ae, a

ae, as, arum, is, is

First and second declension adjective endings (Neuter)

um, um, i, o, o

a, a, orum, is, is

Third declension adjective endings (masculine)

r, em, is, i, i/e

es, es, ium, ibus, ibus

Third declension adjective endings (feminine)

is, em, is, i, i/e

es, es, ium, ibus, ibus

Third declension adjective endings (neuter)

e, e, is, i, i/e

a, a, ium, ibus, ibus

Comparatives

ior/ius, iorem/ius, ioris, iori, iore

iores/iora, iores/iora, iorum, ioribus, ioribus

Superlatives (masc, fem, neuter)

issimus, issuma, issimum

comparatives (meaning)

Xer and more xly

Superlatives (meaning)

Very x or the most x

Irregular comparatives

Peior = malus = bad

melior = bonus = good

Maior (think major) = magnus = great

plus = multus = many

minor = parvus = small

Adverbs (first and second declension)

us → e

laetus → laete

Adverbs (3rd declension)

r → iter

is → iter

celer → celeriter

fortis → fortiter

Active present tense

o, s, t, mus, tis, nt

Active imperfect tense

bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant

Active perfect tense

i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt

Active pluperfect tense

eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

Active future tense (1st and 2nd)

bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

Active future (3rd and 4th)

am, es, et, emus, etis, ent

Active Present tense translation

Is doing, does

Active Imperfect tense translation

Was doing, used to do

Active Perfect tense translation

Did, have done, did do

(E.g. loved, have loved and did love are all amavi)

Active Pluperfect tense translation

Had done

(E.g. had loved)

Active future translation

Will, shall

Imperative case

Singular: a, e, e, i

Plural: te

Passive present tense

r, ris, tur, mini, ntur

Passive imperfect tense

bar, baris, batur, bamini, bantur

Passive future tense

bor, biris, bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur

Passive perfect tense

(Passive perfect participle + present tense esse)

us sum, us es, us est, i summus, i estis, i sunt

Passive pluperfect tense

(Passive perfect participle + past tense esse)

Us eram, us eras, us erat, i, eramus, i eratis, i erant

Passive present tense translation

Being xed, xed

(E.g. i am being loved, i am loved)

Passive imperfect tense translation

Was being xed, used to be xed

Passive future translation

Will be xed

Perfect passive translation

Have been xed, was xed

Passive pluperfect translation

had been xed

Subjunctive imperfect

Infinitive + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

Subjunctive pluperfect

issem, isses, isset, issemus, issestis, issent

Subjunctive translations

Just on its own? → let us x

would, could, should

(e.g. I would have loved)

subjunctive (indirect commands)

Verb of commanding (e.g iubeo: I order) + ut (to) or ne (not to)

Subjunctive (indirect question)

Verb of asking/finding out (e.g. rogo: i ask or cognosco: I find out) + question word

Subjunctive (fear clause)

timeo (I fear) + ne (that/lest) (something you fear WILL happen)

Subjunctive (result clause)

adeo (so much), ita (to such an extent), talis (of such a kind), tam (so), tantus (so great), tot (so many) + ut (that) OR ne (that…not)

Subjunctive (purpose clause)

Ut (in order to/ so that) or ne (in order not to, so that not)

Subjunctive (cum clause)

Cum + subjunctive verb → when/since/although

Indirect statements meaning

Indirect speech/second hand reporting

Indirect statement translation

I think you TO BE = i think THAT you are

Usually accompanied by ut

Main verb + acc subject + infinitive

Acc + inf

Present participles

ns, ntem, ntis, nti, nte

ntes, ntes, ntium, ntibus, ntibus

Present participle translation

The xing y (e.g. the loving man. The verb becomes the adjective)

perfect passive participle

us, um, i, o, o

i, os, orum, is, is

(Verbs with noun endings)

Perfect passive translation

Having been x, just verbs with noun endings

Future participle

Ur + us, um, i, o, o, i, os, orum, is, is (noun with verb ending + ur)

Future participle translation

About to x

Ablative absolute

Noun + participle both ablative

E.g. discipulo legente → with the pupil reading

Perfect passive = ablative ppp + ablative noun

E.g. discipulo legentio → with the pupil having been reading

Gerundive

Verbs with nd in the middle

Translated as x must be or x to be

(E.g. liber legendus → a must read book)

Usually accompanied by esse (conjugated)