sketchy

gram + coccis

staph

strep

entereccoccus faecalis

• gram + cocci

• grape like cluster

• mannitol fermenter

• gold yellow colonies

• beta hemolysis 

• catalase +

staph aureus

• colonises skin

• gram + cocci

• grape like cluster

• novobiocin sensitive

• coagulase negative 

• mannitol fermenter 

• catalase +

staph epidermis

• natural skin flora

• gram + cocci

• grape like cluster

• novobiocin resistant

• catalase +

staph saprophyticus

• natural flora female GUT/ perineum

• gram + cocci

• chain like arrangement

• PYR +

• bacitracin sensitive

• catalase -

strep pyogene (A)

• nasopharynx coloniser

• gram + cocci

• chain like arrangement

• PYR -

• bacitracin resistant 

• catalase -

strep agalactiae (B)

• GIT/ GUT

• gram + cocci

• encapsulated diplococci/ chains

• optochin sensitive

• bile soluble

• catalase -

strep pneumo

• colonises nasopharynx

• gram + cocci

• chain like arrangement

• optochin resistant

• bile soluble

• catalase -

strep viridans

• oropharynx

• gram + cocci

• diplococci chain like arrangement 

• alpha and gama hemolysis

• PYR +

• grows in bile and NaCl 6.5%

enterococcus feacalis and faecium (D)

• colonises GIT

staph aureus resistance

• capsular polysaccharide 

• protein A vs IgG prevents opsonization

staph aureus infections

• skin and soft tissue infections (i.e cellulitis), abscess

• endocarditis

• pneumonia (esp post influenza)

• osteomyelitis

• toxin mediated disease (TSS)

staph aureus tx

• MSSA; penicillin/ clindamycin

• MRSA: vancomycin/ linezolid

staph epidermis resistance

• urease producer

• biofilm

staph epidermis infections

causes foreign body infections

staph epidermis tx

penicillin/ clindamycin, vancomycin/ daptomycin

staph saprophyticus resistance

urease producer

staph saprophyticus infections

UTI

staph saprophyticus tx

amoxiclav, cephalexin, fluroquinolones

strep pyogenes virulence

• protein F

• M protein -> prevents osponization

• hyaluronic acid capsule -> prevents phagocytosis 

• exotoxin A

strep pyogenes infections

• head and neck (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media…)

• skin (cellulitis, impetigo - honey crust lesion)

• scarlet fever

• TSS

• acute rheumatic fever

• post strep glomerulonephritis

strep pyogenes tx

penicillin/ cephalo/ macrolide

strep agalactiae resistance

capsule

strep agalactiae infections

• UTI

• meningitis

• pneumonia

• soft tissue

strep agalactiae tx

penicillin/ cephalo/ clindamycin

strep pneumo resistance

• capsular polysaccharide

• IgA1 protease

strep pneumo infections

• otitis media

• URTI

• meningitis

strep pneumo tx

penicillin/ cephalo/ macrolide

strep viridans resistance

• biofilm

• dextran -> binding to fibrin platelets aggregates

strep viridans infections

dental caries and subacute bacterial endocarditis

strep viridans tx

penicillin/ cephalo/ macrolide

enterococcus feacalis and faecium infections

• UTI

• subacute endocarditis

• cholecystitis

enterococcus feacalis and faecium tx

• ampicillin

• vancomycin

• daptomycin/ linezolid 

• gram + bacilli

• bamboo stick shaped

• colonies show halo of projections (medusa head)

bacillus anthracis

• soils and mammals

bacillus anthracis virulence

• polypeptide capsule (d glutamate)

• spore formation

• anthrax toxin

bacillus anthracis tx

ciprofloxacin/penicillin G + clindamycin

how does one acquire bacillus cereus

rice/ food

bacillus cereus virulence

• spore

• cereulide/ enterotoxin 1-> vomit

• enterotoxin 2 -> diarrhea

gram + bacilli

bacillus cereus tx

supportive

gram + drumstick shaped bacilli in soil

tetanus

tetanus virulence

exotoxin

tetanus tx

penicillin G or metronidazole

• gram + bacilli

• found in soils, fish and birds and agricultural products

• gram + club shaped bacilli with flagella

clostrodium botulinum

clostrodium botulinum virulence

botulinum toxin

c diff general info

gram + bacilli

GI coloniser

c diff virulence

• enterotoxin A

• cytotoxin B

c diff association

pseudomembranous colitis

c diff tx

vancomycin

• gram + bacilli

• found in soil, skin and GI

• club shaped bacilli

• hemolysis “double zone” on blood agar

clostrodium perfringens

clostrodium perfringens virulence

• exotoxin

• alpha toxin

• enterotoxin

clostrodium perfringens infections

• gas gangrene

• food poisoning

clostrodium perfringens tx

clindamycin + pip tazo/ penicillin

• gram + bacilli

• club shaped rods

• metachromatic red and blue granules on neisser stain

corynebacterium diphtheria

• in resp tract

corynebacterium diphtheria virulence

exotoxin

corynebacterium diphtheria tx

erythromycin/ penicillin

• gram + bacilli

• unpasteurized milk products/ cold deli meats

• can be given via placenta/ vaginal canal

• flagella/ tumbling mobility

listeria monocytogenes

listeria monocytogenes virulence

• cold resistant

• actin rocket tail

listeria monocytogenes infections

• spontaneous abortion

• listeriosis/ congenital listeriosis

• gastroenteritis

listeria monocytogenes tx

ampicillin/ penicillin

gram + bacilli

• bacillus anthracis

• bacillus cereus

• clostrodium (tetanus, botulism, diff…)

• cornybacterium diphteria

• listeria monocytogenes

gram + branching filamentous rods

• actinomyces israelii

• nocardia asteroides

• soil

• weak acid fast stain (ziehl neelsen)

• catalase +

• gram + branching filamentous rods

nocardia asteroides

nocardia asteroides infections

nocardiosis

pneumo/ skin infections in immunosupp

nocardia asteroides tx

sulfonamides

• oral cavity/ GI/ reproductive tract

• filaments form yellow sulfur granules

• gram + branching filamentous rods

actinomyces israelii

actinomyces israelii infections

• actinomycosis

• caries

• oral/ facial/ abscess

• PID

actinomyces israelii tx

penicillin or tetra/ erythromycin

gram - cocci

neisseria

• gram - cocci

• nasopharynx

• living in close quarters a risk factor

• diplococcus

• thayer martin agar

• maltose and glucose fermenter

neisseria meningitis

neisseria meningitis virulence

• iga1 protease

• capsular polysaccharide

• lipooligosaccharide

• adhesins

neisseria meningitis infections

• meningitis

• waterhouse friderichsen syndrome

neisseria meningitis tx

cefriaxone/ penicillin

• gram - cocci

• genital tract

• diplococcus

• lives within neutrophils

• thayer martin agar

• maltose and glucose fermenter

neisseria gonorrhea

neisseria gonorrhea virulence

• iga1 protease

• lipooligosaccharide

• adhesins

neisseria gonorrhea infections

• gonorrhea

• septic arthritis

• PID

• neonatal conjunctivitis

• fitz hugh curtis syndrome

neisseria gonorrhea tx

ceftriaxone + doxy/ azithromycin

enteric gram - bacilli

• kleb pneumo

• serratia

• salmonella

• shigella

• e coli

• yersinia

• campylobacter

• cholera

• h pylori

• proteus mirabilis

• gram - bacilli

• gi tract flora

• lactose fermenter

• eoisin methylene blue agar turns purple

• mucoid colonies

kleb pneumonia

kleb pneumonia virulence

• capsular polysaccharide

• urease

kleb pneumonia infections

• nosocomial uti

• aspiration pneumonia

• hepatic abscess

• kidney stone

kleb pneumo tx

fluoroquinolones/ ceftriaxone

• gram - bacilli

• animals/ water/ starchy food

• catalase +

• prodigiosin producer (red pigment)

• weak lactose fermenter

serratia marcescens

serratia marcescens virulence

• exotoxin

• biofilm

• serralysin

serratia marcescens infections

• pneumonia

• uti

• ocular

• wound

• meningitis

• endocarditis

serratia marcescens tx

• carbapenems

• aminoglycoside + b lactam OR fluroquinolones

• gram - bacilli

• reptiles/ poultry/ eggs

• produce h2s

• pnm infiltration

• endotoxin

• flagellar motility

salmonella enteritidis

salmonella enteritidis infections

• salmonellosis +/- bloody

• reactive arthritis

salmonella enteritidis tx

supportive/ floroquinolones

• gram - bacilli

• h2s

• immune response via monocytes 

• flagellar motility

• vi capsule

• endotoxin

salmonella typhi

salmonella typhi infections

typhoid/ paratyphoid fever (constipation -> diarrhea)

salmonella typhi tx

ceftriaxone/ fluroquinolones

• invade M cells

• shiga toxin

• gram - bacilli

shigella

shigella infections

• shigellosis/ bloody diarrhea

• reactive arthritis 

• HUS

shigella tx

fluroquinolones/ ceftriaxone

• gram - bacilli

• undercooked meat/ leafy vegetables

• pink colonies mac conkey 

• beta galactosidase producer 

• green colonies with metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue agar

EHEC (O157:H7)

ehec virulence

shiga toxin

ehec infections

gastroenteritis

ehec tx

supportive

• gram - bacilli

• fetal contaminated food and water

• lactose fermenter

• pink colonies mac conkey 

• beta galactosidase producer 

• green colonies with metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue agar

etec

etec virulence

heat labile toxin

heat stable toxin

etec infections

• traveller’s diarrhea

• gastroenteritis