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When was the Cheka created and who led it?
December 1917; Felix Dzerzhinsky
Who did the Cheka target?
All enemies of Bolshevism
What principle justified Cheka actions?
Revolutionary justice
Give three ways Cheka supported Bolshevik rule.
Requisitioned grain; Closed newspapers; Executed opponents; Ran gulags
Give three examples of terror under NEP.
Deportations 1922; Show trials; Surveillance; Imprisoned NEPmen
How did Yagoda increase terror?
NKVD head 1934–36; Targeted Party
What was the Great Terror also known as?
Yezhovshchina
How many were arrested in the Great Terror?
1.5 million
What shows terror from below?
Workers organised show trials
Who led NKVD from 1938?
Beria
How did terror change in WW2?
Targeted ethnic minorities; Mass deportations
Give three examples of post-war terror.
POW interrogations; Leningrad Affair; Doctors’ Plot
How did terror change under Khrushchev?
Ended mass terror; Released prisoners; Psychiatric repression
When did Andropov become head of KGB?
1967
What was KGB priority under Andropov?
Prevent dissent with minimal violence
Give three methods used by Andropov.
Increased surveillance; Directorate V; Encouraged emigration; Repressive psychiatry; Official warnings
What did Andropov begin in 1979?
Law and Order Campaign
Give two policies Andropov used after 1982.
Anti-corruption; Anti-alcohol campaign; Operation Trawl