Child development test 3

Dimensional card sort task

sort into shapes with no regard to color, switches rules to sort by color, child has trouble switching roles

Why does piaget say kids fail theory of mind tasks?

egocentrism

Kids reason just as logically as adults so why do they give weird answers?

Smaller working memory capacity

Sabbagh et al (2006) Chinese kids with better executive functioning skills

What are the two possible reasons for this?

1- Cultural, Chinese has more group cohesion

2- genetics- gene that’s associated with ADHD is in more than 50% of Americans but less than 5% of Chinese

2 hypotheses for why kids fail false performance tasks

1- expression- they could do it but they lack the working memory

2- experience- executive functioning is necessary but also need experience interacting with others

What is related to false belief tasks?

Executive function

Sabbagh et al 2006

Sub: Chinese and American kids

Day and night Stroop test- kids shown cards, sun and clouds= night, moon and stars= day

What were the findings?

Chinese kids did better with executive function but not false belief

Positive correlation between ex. functioning and false belief test

Cassidy et al 2005 (considered role of siblings in false belief test)

What did they find? and why did they think this?

1- Better if within 5 years of age

2- Better if siblings were of opposite gender

Found this better because of the conflicts mom/dad would come in and help them see each other’s perspective

Dimensional card sort task with blue and red bunnies and boats

What did they believe?

1- working memory (can’t think of both rules at once)

2- inability to inhibit a response (whichever rule was given first will stick better)

Duckworth and Seligman self-discipline, IQ and academic’s study

Marshmallow experiment

Put marshmallow Infront of kids and told them if they wait, they can get a second marshmallow

What did they find?

1- Kids who did best didn’t look at the marshmallow

2- kids who delay gratification did better in school and socially 10 years later

Duckworth and Seligman combining studies

Longitudinal over 8th grade

Measured self-control/ ability to delay gratification (got multiple informants like parents and teachers)

Dollar bill instead of marshmallow

What did they find with Self- control?

-Self-control was better measuring outcome than IQ

-Self- control can be taught

What comes before intimacy?

Identity comes before intimacy

Identity moratorium

exploring but not yet made commitment

Identity diffusion

not yet exploring and not committing

Identity foreclosure

not explored but committed

Identity achievement

have explored and made commitment but not set and stone

what are the three aspects of identity?

Hint: I,O,S

Ideology- what do they believe in?

Occupation- What to do with life?

Sexual orientation- who am I going to pursue?

Observational Learning theory- young girl pregnancy study

Why did they think the programs they used worked?

1- Goal setting

2- perceived self-efficacy (belief we can do something)

When does adolescence begin?

When does it end? three key domains

begins- start seeing physical changes

Ends- Physical (myelination of prefrontal cortex)

Cognitive- begins with abstract thinking, ends when they have enough wisdom

Social- turning 18, turning 21, not one clear example

Authoritative parenting

Generally always the best

high warmth and demandingness

Authoritarian parenting

Nasty, low warmth, high demandingness Pe

Permissive parenting

want to be friends, high warmth, low demandingness

Rejecting-neglecting parenting

low warmth, low demandingness, dont want to be bothered, dont care

What does threshold of emotional reactivity mean?

the amount of stimulation it takes to feel overwhelmed

If we know somones threshold of emotional reactivity, what will we know about them as teenagers?

What they wont be like

What age can kids start hiding emotions?

Age 3