Pathophysiology Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering essential concepts from pathophysiology, focusing on cellular environment, injury, and immune responses.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Hypoxia

A condition of reduced oxygen availability, often leading to cellular injury.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to tissues, resulting in insufficient nutrient and oxygen supply.

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled manner without causing inflammation.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of cells, often due to increased workload.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells, typically as a response to hormonal stimuli.

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size and function, often due to disuse or insufficient nutrients.

Metaplasia

The transformation of one cell type to another, which can occur as an adaptive response to stress.

Fluid Volume Deficit

Hypovolemia; a condition where there is too little fluid in the body.

Fluid Volume Excess

Hypervolemia; a condition where there is too much fluid in the body.

Acidosis

A condition characterized by an increase in acidity in the blood.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by a decrease in acidity in the blood.

Innate Immunity

Natural, non-specific defense mechanisms that are present at birth.

Adaptive Immunity

The immune response that develops over time with exposure to specific pathogens.

Anaphylaxis

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.

Carcinogens

Substances that can cause mutations leading to cancer.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.

Tumor Markers

Substances produced by cancer cells that can aid in diagnosis and monitoring.

Epinephrine

A medication used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Hypokalemia

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are low, leading to muscle weakness and arrhythmias.

Hyperkalemia

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are high, potentially dangerous for heart rhythm.

Neoplasia

The uncontrolled growth of new, abnormal tissue that can lead to tumors.

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth of cells that can lead to pre-cancerous changes.

Tissue Repair

The process of healing and regeneration after injury.

HYPERP

An acronym for the common causes of cell injury: Hypoxia, Infection, Toxins, Heat/cold, Immune reactions, Physical damage.