Cardiovascular System Part 1

Cardiovascular System

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels.

Transportation

Function of the Cardiovascular System

To deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to different parts of the body.

To remove carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Fist, cone-shaped (pinecone)

What is the size and shape of the heart?

Less than a pound

How much does the heart weigh?

Thoracic cavity

The heart is in the Medial section of the ______, in between the lungs.

Inferior mediastinum

The heart is enclosed within the ______?

Apex

This rests on the diaphragm and is pointed toward the left hip.

Base

This lies beneath the second rib and is pointed at the right shoulder.

This is where the great vessels emerge

Midsternal Line

1

2nd Rib

2

Diaphragm

3

Sternum

4

Point of Maximal Intensity

5

Pericardium

A double-walled sac that covers and protects the heart.

Fibrous pericardium and Serous pericardium

What are the two main layers of the pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium

This layer of the Pericardium is outer, loose, and superficial.

Serous pericardium

This layer of the Pericardium is inner, deep to fibrous.

Has two layers: Parietal pericardium and Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium and Visceral pericardium

What are the two layers of the Serous Pericardium?

Parietal pericardium

Layer of the Serous pericardium (1/2)

What is the outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?

Visceral Pericardium

Layer of the Serous pericardium (2/2)

Also known as Epicardium

This layer is directly attached to the heart muscle.

Between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

Serous fluid

What fills the pericardial cavity?

1. Fibrous Pericardium

2. Parietal Layer (of Serous Pericardium)

3. Pericardial Cavity (with Serous Fluid)

4. Visceral Layer (Epicardium)

List the layers of the heart covering from Superficial to Deep.

Epicardium (outer), Myocardium (middle), and Endocardium (inner).

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium

Outside layer; the visceral pericardium.

Myocardium

The middle layer of the heart, composed primarily of cardiac muscle.

Endocardium

The inner layer of the heart wall, also known as endothelium.

Atria (Right & Left)

What are the RECEIVING chambers of the heart?

• Receiving chambers

• Help fill ventricles

• Low pressure

Ventricles

What are the DISCHARGING chambers of the heart?

• Discharging/Pumping chambers

• Thick-walled

• Propel blood into circulation

Interatrial Septum

This separates the two ATRIA longitudinally.

Interventricular Septum

This separates the two VENTRICLES longitudinally.

Fossa ovalis

An oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum, remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.

Foramen ovale

An opening in the fetal heart (in the interatrial septum) that allows blood to flow from the right to left atrium.

Right Side

Which side is the pulmonary circuit pump (pumps blood to the lungs)

Left side

Which side is the Systemic circuit pump (pumps blood to the rest of the body)

Arteries

Carry blood Away from the heart.

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart

Pulmonary circulation

To transport oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and return oxygen-rich blood back to the left side of the heart.

Right Heart, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Heart

Describe the path of blood in pulmonary circulation.

Oxygen-poor blood away from the heart (to the lungs).

What type of blood do the pulmonary arteries carry, and in which direction?

Oxygen-rich blood towards the heart (from the lungs)

What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry, and in which direction?

AV (Atrioventricular) valves

Prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Anchored to the ventricular walls by chordae tendineae ("heartstrings") to prevent eversion.

Open during relaxation (diastole), closed during contraction (systole)

Semilunar valves

Prevent backflow into the ventricles during relaxation.

Closed during heart relaxation (diastole), open during ventricular contraction (systole)

Pressure changes in the heart chambers.

What dictates the opening and closing of heart valves?

• AV Valves: Open (passively filling ventricles).

• Semilunar Valves: Closed

During ventricular relaxation (diastole), what is the status of the AV and Semilunar valves?

• AV Valves: Closed (preventing backflow).

• Semilunar Valves: Open (blood ejected into arteries)

During ventricular contraction (systole), what is the status of the AV and Semilunar valves?

Chordae tendineae

This anchors AV valve cusps to the ventricular walls, preventing them from being forced backward into the atria during contraction