cities and nature final

coexistence as tolerance

• considering wildlife as “dangerous” – debunking this for many animals

  • possums

• city as shared space

• changing mindset

  • “we don’t have a racoon problem, we have a garbage problem”

• potential human solutions

  • prevention

  • tolerance

  • exclusion

  • habitat modification

  • aversive conditioning (within limits)

  • control of food

  • coexistence design

    • raccoons – tighter fitting trash can lids

  • many human solutions to common “wildlife problems”

humane wildlife services

• solve conflicts with animals without violence 

• D.C., south florida, now many places have businesses operating like this

Washington (DC) Wildlife Protection Act

• regulates and licenses “wildlife control service providers”

• new restrictions on how wildlife is captured, handled, transported, relocated, with emphasis on reducing stress and discomfort, on preserving family units

• requires preference to non-lethal means of control over lethal methods

• inhumane traps prohibited

project coyote

• protecting wild carnivores of north america

• campaigns of coexistence and changing minds around coyotes and other wild carnivores

• 2009 denver coyote management plan

• co-existing with coyotes plan in vancouver

• changing human behavior to coexist

  • keep them afraid of humans

  • control of food

  • aversive conditioning

  • minimize coyote/pet conflict

BearWise

• safety tips and solutions for black bear interactions

• provides bear-safe product lists, including garbage cans with locking lids (“bear resistant containers”)

emily fairfax

• made beaver felt stop-motion animation

• how beavers protects areas of ecosystem from wildfire with their engineering – keeping ground wet during drought conditions

Pond Levelers and “Beaver Decievers”

• beavers – “nature’s ecosystem engineers”

• coexistence with beavers

  • beaver dam analogs

  • diversionary feeding

  • pond levelers – mitigates flooding from beaver dams by regulating water depth (caged in piping)

  • beaver deceivers – piping and caging to make sure water can still flow through a dam

edmonton, canada

• edmonton’s ecological network

  • regional biological corridor

  • ecological planning area

  • centered on North Saskatchewan River Valley

  • core habitat areas, natural connecting areas (wide corridors or stepping stones)

  • mapped out areas of low, moderate, and high support of ecological systems, as well as types of open water areas and pathways

P-22 mountain lion

• bay area puma project

• mountain lion in LA who received a lot of media and artistic attention

• used as face of peace, love, p-22 movement to protect cougars in LA, and build the wallis annenburg wildlife crossing 

• wildlife overpass over highway 101 in agoura hills – wallis annenberg wildlife crossing

  • cost and extra infrastructure

  • excuse to build roadways through habitat

  • engineering process very complex – moving water and power lines, tunnels, etc.

Kingsbrook, UK

• Wildlife-Friendly Development

• support population of common swift, now that there are less buildings with chimneys

• swift bricks – integrated into building exterior with an interior metal-lined space for swifts to live

koala beach

• housing development prioritizing the conservation of nearby koalas

• no pets allowed

• speedbumps

• koala ropes in pools

• eucalyptus trees prioritization

Myrmecochory

• “The collection and dispersal of plant seeds by ants. A variety of plant species possess hard seeds that are inedible to ants but are nevertheless gathered by them and taken to the ants' nest. The ants perform this service because the seeds are equipped with special food bodies (elaiosomes).” – Oxford Reference

tardigrades

• 0.05-1.2 mm

• (water bears)

• fascinating, new species found all the time

• “The discovery of the genus in Antarctica adds to the evidence that it's an old lineage descended from forebears that were present on the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, and that it has changed relatively little since then compared to other tardigrade genera. 'Mopsechiniscus is unique among tardigrades, as our molecular analysis shows,' McInnes says. 'The genus has a lot of more primitive characteristics that suggest it is closer to the group's more distant ancestors.‘” –Tom Marshall

fungi forays

• Daniel Butler

• mushroom foraging courses in Britain and Wales

• a type of educational nature walk

christmas beetle count

• disappearing christmas beetle

• general decline in insect biomass

• citizen scientist project to use inaturalist to count christmas beetles in australia, a declining group of species

milkweeds for monarchs (st. louis)

• st louis butterfly project

• monarch day/monarch metamorphosis at earth day — get children involved in honoring the butterfly

• establishment of 50 monarch butterfly gardens, then challenged to make 200 more

• then expanded to make 50 more, in schools

st. louis riverfront butterfly byway

• 30-acre butterfly garden byway

• along mississippi waterfront

• educational panels

• problem for migration is habitat fragmentation

bee lawns / pollinator lawns

• native plants are good for bees

• no blooming plants = no pollen

• pollinator lawn

  • borders

  • signs

  • architectural features

  • maintenance

bee grounds UVA / bee campus USA

• movement to plant bee-friendly landscaping on college campuses

• UVA has made some efforts – hill by emmet overpass

douglas tallamy

• spokesperson for native plant lawns

• co-founder of homegrown national park idea (see homegrown national park flashcard)

homegrown national park

• “What if each American landowner made it a goal to convert half of his or her lawn to productive native plant communities?”

• “If we restore the ecosystem function of these twenty million acres, we can create this country’s largest park system…I suggest we call it Homegrown National Park.”

• steps

  • plant native plants

  • remove invasive species

  • get on the map

re-thinking the lawn

• the american lawn

  • 40 million acres of turfgrass

  • ”Homeowners put roughly the same amount of fertilizer on their lawns as is used in agriculture.”

  • extensive use of herbicides and pesticides

  • 8 billion gallons of water each day

• what’s missing?

  • Native plants and trees

  • Keystone species

  • Groundcover and nesting sites for native bees

  • Water

• landscaping cannot fill the biological role that the native ecosystem requires

• financial incentives could help

• sometimes backlash from community

seattle pollinator pathway

• Sarah Bergman

• native pollinator plants on sidewalk spaces, along streets

• combines art, ecology, and urban planning

• columbia street, seattle

oslo bee highway

• Snøhetta Vulkan Beehives

• beehive structures on top of buildings

• as well as pollinator flower gardens/green roofs

san francisco green connections network

• mapped out migration pathways across the city for different native species

• special designing of streets

• connect parks and open spaces together along residential streets

• 24 routes, including coyotes, pollinators, and anna’s hummingbird

salamander crossing brigades

• Amherst’s Salamander Tunnels

• trained volunteer night expedition to help salamanders crossing roads (also turtles and frogs)

• also count the species — citizen science

• website has likelihood of salamander crossings

fremantle’s green verges (australia)

• “The native plant subsidy scheme runs every year from May 1-30, allowing residents to download a voucher for up to 40 low cost native plants from local nursery APACE. The Verge Preparation Assistance scheme runs once a year in February and offers assistance by preparing your verge with minor earthworks. The City encourages the use of native plants and organic mulch on verges through its alternative materials scheme.” – Fremantle Council

• verge: edge, border, boundary

Monarch Sanctuary (design by Terreform One)

• butterfly-friendly building design

• facade that butterflies would enjoy, seasonal vents

• milkweed habitat for all stages of lifecycle

• (DIFFERENT BUILDING) “The colors of this façade represent the wing pattern of the endangered Polyommatus bellargus butterfly, which will be hatched in between the walls of the building lobby—restoring biodiversity and loving all of the children of all species. Horseshoe Vetch vegetation planted on the façade will provide a food source.” – McDonough and Partners

seattle green factor

• green factors

  • maximizes vegetation potential in right-of-ways

  • rewards layering of plant material

  • rewards tree preservation

  • rewards larger species of trees

  • rewards low water use

  • rewards landscapes visible to passerby

  • provides flexibility for developer to meet the code

• mapped in zones and given scores

  • score sheet

• Applies to new development in neighborhood business districts >4 DU’s, 4000 ft2 of commercial, >20 new parking spaces

• Min .3 score required (“equivalent of 30% of a parcel …to be vegetated.”)

• Factors give preference for green wall, green roofs, larger trees, etc…

• Bonus points for:

  • drought tolerant/native plants

  • landscaping where min 50% irrigation from harvested rainwater

  • Landscaping visible to passersby

  • Landscaping in food cultivation

one seattle plan

• embracing middle housing, to house more people

• maps neighborhood centers with transit, parks, schools, medical services, local restaurants and shops etc.

• how to grow while preserving neighborhoods

green area ratio (GAR)

• from floor area ratio to green area ratio

• “Floor area ratio (FAR) is the relationship of buildable floor area (total amount of square feet) to a given site area (amount of land). Think of floor area as the volume of a building. FAR regulations tell you “how much” building you can create. This volume can be shaped to create taller, narrower buildings or lower, wider buildings. FAR scales to the site, so a 3:1 FAR for a 20,000 square foot site would allow 60,000 square feet of building/development, whereas a 3:1 FAR for a 40,000 square foot site would allow for 120,000 square feet of building/development.”

• metric of site sustainability – “calculates the ratio of weighted landscape elements (e.g., trees, green roofs) to the total lot area”

• “Instead of just requiring a specific amount of green space, GAR uses a weighted score based on the environmental value of elements, allowing developers flexibility in design”

• used by cities including D.C.

singapore park connectors

• 350 km of park connectors

• includes the southern ridges pathways and the henderson wave bridge

community in bloom (CIB)

• a type of organization, now more than 2000 groups

• singapore national gardening initiative

• creation of community gardens

Landscape Replacement Policy (LUSH)

• (Landscaping for Urban Spaces and High Rises)

• replacing area of a building with green area, such as terraces, roofs, or planter boxes in windows

• “mandates that developers replace any greenery lost on the ground due to development with new greenery within the building project, such as on rooftops or balconies”

skyrise greening incentive program

• green roofs, green walls, bio-solar panels, etc.

• Minimum Density of Greenery

• Green Plot Ratio (GnPR)

  • total leaf area of greenery in site / development site area

• jem building – First Singapore Project to Replace Landscape by 122%

• “the program encourages building developers to provide communal green spaces at the ground and upper levels of high-rise buildings.”

• “NParks will fund up to 50% of installation costs of green roofs and vertical greenery. ..As more and more of our land is taken up by buildings, we need to ensure that greenery lost on the ground is replaced in the urban environment. This will reinforce Singapore’s “City in a Garden” aspiration even as the environment becomes more built up.

  • The incentive scheme is set out to achieve the following objectives:

  • 1. Encourage the installation of skyrise greenery on existing buildings across Singapore.

  • 2. Create a distinctive image of the city in the tropical climate through extensive greenery adoring building facades and skyrise levels; and,

  • 3. Bring about environmental benefits such as mitigating the urban island heat effect and improving the air quality through the plants’ transpiration and filtration of dust particles.”

Park Royal at Pickering (singapore)

• singapore hotel with green terraces, gardens, walls, etc.

• also event space

• topographic architecture

• shelved sky gardens

• high green plot ratio

• won skyrise greenery award

  • “A total of 15,000sqm of sky gardens, reflecting pools, waterfalls, planter terraces and green walls were designed, making up 215% of the site area or equivalent to the footprint of the adjacent Hong Lim Park. A diverse variety of plant species ranging from shade trees, tall palms, flowering plants, leafy shrubs and overhanging creepers creates a lush tropical setting. Lofty sky gardens at every fourth storey bring lush greenery directly to the rooms. Corridors, lobbies and common washrooms are designed as garden spaces, which create an alluring resort ambience with natural light and fresh air.”

oasia downtown hotel (singapore)

• hotel with green walls and indoor vegetation

Kampung Admiralty

• “Singapore's first integrated "Vertical Kampung" (village) designed by WOHA to meet the needs of an aging population by combining housing, healthcare, retail, and community spaces in one complex”

• terraced water filtration network

WOHA (architectural firm)

• singaporean sustainable/green architectural design

• did park royal, kampung, and oasia

Superblocks (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain)

• cultural differences

• distinction between land sharing and land sparing

• green circle around the city

• photographic maps of city

• shows how to get to natural places

• superblocks

  • low carbon transportation neighborhoods – bike use emphasized

  • no cars within the superblock, about 3×3 regular blocks

portland green streets

• plan to connect greenspaces

• stormwater curb extensions to prevent negative stormwater flow

• infiltration planter basins

• shown to have more social interactions in those areas

• urban growth boundary

shrinking cities

• population shrinking, people moving away, increasing number of vacant properties

• “significant and sustained population loss (25% or greater over the past 40 years)”

• new orleans, detroit, cleveland, cincinnati, pittsburgh

• opportunities in shrinking cities — vacant lots, etc.

• elements of smart decline

  • demolition of homes and buildings

  • public engagement and priorities in right-sizing

  • land banks/banking

  • subsidized relocation

  • infrastructural retreat

  • neighborhood consolidation and triage

  • re-naturalizing

  • re-purposing lands

  • parks

  • urban ag

pittsburgh’s greenways

• permanently conserved, primarily passive open space that is stewarded primarily by the community and serves to benefit adjacent neighborhoods and the general public

• 12 greenways totalling 605 acres

• before, many of the spaces were “generally inaccessible and effectively off-limits”

• pittsburgh steps

• 29,000 vacant lots

• often greenways were highly sloped land

chevy commons (flint, MI)

• huge unused property on the flint river that is to be turned into greenspace/park

detroit future city

• detailed and easily accessible instructions on what to do with a vacant lot, options

• including a grassland habitat maker, and a native butterfly meadow

cuyahoga land bank

• “The Cuyahoga Land Bank is a non-profit community improvement corporation enabled and incorporated under Chapter 17 of the Ohio Revised Code. Its Board of Directors consists of nine members: the County Executive, the Cuyahoga Treasurer, and one appointee of the County Council, together which in turn select four members. Two additional board members represent the City of Cleveland, one appointed by the Mayor and one selected by Cleveland City Council. The powers of the Cuyahoga Land Bank include:

  • Purchase, receive, transfer, hold, manage, dispose of and lease real property

  • Acquire or manage unimproved (vacant) underutilized property and tax forfeited lands

  • Contract with governments and other entities (e.g., private property owners) for land improvements

  • Issue bonds, apply for grants, make loans, and borrow money

• A primary source of the Cuyahoga Land Bank funding is made up of interest and penalties from collected late or delinquent real property taxes and assessments.”

re-imagining cleveland

• “The report concludes that these current land use and economic conditions “create unprecedented opportunities to improve the city’s green space network and natural systems” and that Cleveland can “reinvent itself as a more productive, sustainable, and ecologically sound city.” (p.3). The possibilities include putting some land aside for later development, but transitioning much of this land into more productive uses, especially for ecosystem restoration and retention, urban agriculture, and renewable energy production (including the intriguing possibility of neighborhood-scale geothermal plants). The report sets out the ambitious target that every resident should be within ½ mile (ideally ¼ mile, it states) of a community garden.”

• examines green space system and riparian system

• vacant land re-use pattern book

green corps (cleveland botanical garden)

• work/study program for students to learn urban farming skills and transform vacant lots

Mansfield Fraser and Chateau Hough (Cleveland)

• owns a vacant lot next to his house and started a vineyard

• grant from re-imagining cleveland

• biocellar (repurposed basement or cellar for growing) at chateau hough – grows year-round

• hired formerly incarcerated people

philadelphia orchard project

• works with volunteers and community-based groups to plant orchards in vacant lots or community property

• focus on planting edible plants

philadelphia green (PHS)

• philadelphia horticultural society

• transforms vacant lots to prevent crime and to improve the sight of neighborhoods

• city harvest – sharing urban farming produce with people in need, distributed seedlings to urban gardens

greensgrow urban farm

• urban farm project, making produce accessible to urban community

• also educational efforts

• based in philly

park in a truck (philly)

• ikea for parks – neighborhood gets to decide what to do with vacant lots, can get components of park to assemble it

• works with under-resourced communities

• kim douglas, drew harris – thomas jefferson university

• easily installable elements

• doesn’t require permits

• guiding principles

  • builds equity through participation

  • builds on and celebrates existing community networks and resources

  • provides educational opportunities 

• sanctuary park, event park, edible park, nature park, etc.

milwaukee urban ecology center

• education center

• camps, events for community

• brings together volunteers to maintain and restore urban ecosystems

• includes a riverside park

• three locations

milwaukee river greenway

• post-industrial waterway

  • “the Plan requires that the legacy of dumping and polluting be addressed”

• planned arboretum

• greenspaces surrounding the river

gotham whale

• tracking humpback whales in NY waters

• citizen science movement

• NY whale watching and marine conservation

• first humpback whale named gotham

pier into the night

• gig harbor, washington – puget sound

• watch a live dive

• volunteers from harbor wild watch do education

• kids love it, but so do older people

dolphin watch

• in the chesapeake bay

• app to report dolphin sightings

• bottlenose dolphins

beach naturalists

• seattle’s beach naturalists

• trained volunteer-led beach walks

phillip henry gosse

• began shoreline walks

• some of the first books to have colored imagery of underwater organisms

• book – the ocean

  • “Who ever gazed upon the broad sea without emotion? Whether seen in stern majesty, hoary with the tempest, rolling its giant waves upon the rocks, and dashing with resistless fury some gallant bark on an iron-bound coast; or sleeping beneath the silver moon…”

• book – the aquarium

  • sparked interest in “ocean gardens”

• fervent religious believer

whale watching spoken here

• oregon whale watch

• gray whale migrations

• works with volunteers

blue nature pyramid

• daily doses of nature from the ocean

• blue spaces improve mental health

• water has a more psychologically restorative element than green spaces

seattle seawall

• biophilic sea wall

• helps young salmon migrate – "improves migratory pathway”

• provides shallow water path while also protecting waterfront buildings from waves

• glass blocks installed – better for pedestrians and salmon

• better food for salmon on wall

coral city camera

• provides a “catalog of life”

• live feed of coral reef in miami

• “a hybrid art-science research project”

• “demonstrates that human infrastructure can offer imperiled species with refuge and functional habitat in unexpected urban locations as well as serve as conveniently accessible research sites”

ocean sprawl

• the impact of cities on oceans

• “the rapid, widespread proliferation of artificial, human-made structures—such as seawalls, oil platforms, and wind farms—along coastlines and in offshore waters”

• light pollution

billion oyster project

• restoring oysters to new york harbor

• public education initiatives

• oyster reef habitat restoration

• works with schools and many different neighborhoods

norfolk canyon

• Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument

• near norfolk virginia, along the submarine canyon and seamounts line in the atlantic

Plymouth Marine Park

• UK’s first marine national park

WEDG (Waterfront Edge Design Guidelines)

• designed by the waterfront alliance

• “a science-based voluntary rating system and set of guidelines to address these challenges at the project scale”

• offers wedg verification and professional, finance, and policy support

community supported fisheries (CSFs)

• sustainable sourcing/harvesting of seafood

• Cape Ann Fresh Catch CSF

• like a CSA but for fishermen/fisheries

south mountain park

• owned by federal government before being made into a city park (phoenix, AZ)

• city bought it from federal government

• riding and hiking trails

• visitation rates have gone way up from the twenties when it was purchased

• largest urban park in the US? — one of the largest municipally managed

• overlooks phoenix proper

• consists of three mountain ranges

chuckwallas, elephant trees

• unique phoenix plant and animal life

• in south mountain park

burrowing owls

• building homes for burrowing owls out of old piping

• audubon arizona and wild at heart (nonprofit)

• close to downtown phoenix

• few burrowing mammals around to provide habitats for the owls – don't dig their own burrows

• also losing habitat in general to development

• relocated owls

• houses them in a tent and feeds them for a bit before letting them free to choose

camelback mountain

• popular hiking spot – one of country’s most popular

• phoenix, AZ

hohokam’s network of canals

• irrigation canals built by the hohokam for food growing and water supply

grand canalscape project

• project to renew a “grand canal” through the city

• waterside sidewalks and pedestrian areas, as well as plants

• phoenix, AZ

rio saludo

• “a major, partially restored riparian ecosystem in the Phoenix metro area”

• walking, hiking, and birding paths

• revitalize the river corridor

jane rau

• co-founder of mcdowell sonoran conservancy 

• doctor told her being outside and doing this work is good for her health

• trail named after her

• leads guided walks

mcdowell sonoran preserve and conservancy

• biophilic trailhead building for visitors

• expedition days – free educational experiences for local students to learn about the sonoran ecosystem

• relocate cacti and maintain trails

• voted by Scottsdale to preserve the land

• mountain lines magazine

field institute (mcdowell sonoran preserve)

• Parsons Field Institute

• field institute inside newsletter

• citizen science, publicized results

• impact of urban stressors on sonoran ecosystem

Environment and Natural Resources Building (ENR2) at University of Arizona

• designed to mimic a slot canyon

• “The design mimics the striking landforms of canyons and mesas, the dramatic play of light, shade and shadow, the painted sky of sunsets, desert monsoons and highly adaptive plants. The building’s architecture is inspired by the sustainable features of a slot canyon which is a unique geologic feature in the Desert Southwest. The canyon serves as the building’s centerpiece for circulation and gathering.” 

• biophilic art

• reduction of air conditioned space

• exposure to natural light through the canyon

• water conservation

  • collects rainwater and building condensate to reuse for planting bed irrigation

• roof garden

slot canyons

• unique landform in southwest

• made by river flow

• nice shade and circulation

culdesac (tempe, AZ)

• apartment complex/living community

• idealized for desert sustainability

• landscaped open space throughout the neighborhood

• no cars!

• desert-friendly materials – reflective and permeable

• narrow streets and building placement to maximize shade

Arcosanti (Paolo Soleri)

• experimental town

• arcology = “a field of urban design that combines dense, three-dimensional, hyper-efficient structures with self-sustaining ecological systems”

  • multiple different community needs within single structures

  • alternative to urban sprawl

• tours, hiking trails, cafe

tucson xeriscaping code

• "The regulations require the use of drought-tolerant plants from a published list and limits non-drought tolerant vegetation to small "oasis" areas. Multifamily facilities may develop 5% of a site as an oasis area; commercial facilities are restricted to 2.5% of a site. Any water features or turf must be confined to the oasis areas. Canopy trees are required within all buffer yards, along street frontages, and within parking lots with one tree for every 15 spaces. All exposed ground areas of a site must be landscaped with ground cover to control dust. Landscaped area must be designed to take advantage of storm water runoff and the use of water- conserving irrigation systems is required."

• xeriscaping – landscaping and prioritizing water conservation

storm to shade (tucson, AZ)

• stormwater infrastructure program

• GSI (green stormwater infrastructure)

  • directs stormwater and runoff to landscaped areas as irrigation

• improves air quality, reduces flooding, conserves water, etc.

• vegetated traffic circle, set down into the street so that water can run into it

civano (tucson, AZ)

• sustainable community development

• also alternative to urban sprawl

• solar energy

• new urbanism – going back to certain aspects of traditional planning

diamondback bridge (tucson, AZ)

• no-car pedestrian bridge shaped like a diamondback serpent

• native wildlife as art

ecological planning tools

• vision → ecological data and analysis → metrics and targets → plans and plan making → codes (implementation) → community engagement and education

BirdCast

• live map of bird migration across the US

3-30-300 rule

• 3 trees in sight, 30 percent tree canopy cover in every neighborhood, 300 meters from nearest park or greenspace

• rule for urban greening and biophilic design

future design movement

• design as collaboration between young and old generations

• “imaginary future generation” groups to help plan design with the future in mind

chief heat officer (as in miami-dade)

• other new positions

  • sustainability director

  • chief resilience officers

  • chief bay officer

  • outdoor officer

  • walking officer (vienna)

wellington nature in the city map

• marks designed biophilic buildings and spaces on map, categorized by 14 biophilic design elements

• collaboration between city and architectural firm and architecture school

singapore index on cities’ biodiversity

• self-assessment tool for cities

• city biodiversity index

• 2 parts:

  • profile of the city – general info of the city to put the indicators in context

  • 28 indicators – measure biodiversity, ecosystem services, and governance and management of biodiversity

my wild city (bristol)

• map that shows people in bristol the best ways/places to enhance nature and support biodiversity

• encourage public transformation of property and open spaces to support wildlife and connect green spaces

regenerative cities

• to regenerate

  • “To replenish, renourish, repair”

  • “To give new life or energy; to revitalize…”

  • “To form, construct, create anew especially in an improved state; to restore to a better or more worthy state; refreshed or renewed…”

• regenerative agriculture, regenerative buildings, regenerative landscapes, etc

• regeneration and awe

• regenerative design

  • Regenerative Agriculture

  • Net Biodiversity Gain

  • Regrowing Old Growth Forests

  • Living Buildings

  • Beaver Reintroductions

  • Blue Urbanism

  • Dark Sky Communities

Hassalo on 8th (Lloyd District, Portland)

• Biohabitat’s Wastewater Treatment & Reuse System

• wastewater treatment built into building design

• apartment building

green factor tool (melbourne)

• green infrastructure assessment tool

• gives new building plans a green factor score

• basically helps measure how biophilic they are and supports designers and builders in making them more sustainable

• increased green cover on buildings

chicago sustainable development tool/policy

• enhance sustainability of projects receiving city assistance/funding

• green roofs, water conservation, tree planting, natural and working landscape requirements, etc.

• “promotes energy efficiency, stormwater management, and green design through a point-based system, requiring new projects to meet specific, actionable criteria to reduce environmental impact”