Communication Science & disorders

Cluster Reduction

The speaker drops a cluster leaving out sounds in a consonant cluster (Pider for Spider)

Velar Fronting

Sounds that should be produced in the back of the mouth are produced in the front of the mouth “tome over for come over”

Final Consonant Deletion

Last consonant left out of the word “Ba” for bat

Phonological Disorder

-A speech sound disorder (usually in children)

• Problem with sound patterns (phonology)

• The person knows the words and meaning, but says them incorrectly

Articulation Disorder

Problem producing a specific sound like R or S or speech sounds

Language Delay

• Follows normal developmental patterns

• Skills appear in the right order, just later

• Often catches up over time

Language Disorder

• Unusual patterns of development

• Errors not typical for age

• May affect understanding (receptive) and/or speaking (expressive)

• Less likely to “catch up” without support

Verbal Semantics

Knowing that a cat is an animal and a bat can have multiple meanings

Pragmatics

Social use of language taking turns while speaking

Syntax

Grammatically correct sentence structure

Receptive Language

Receiving language Understanding language (spoken written or signed)

Expressive Language

Using language to communicate (send out language)

Thicker Vocal Fold

Decreased length = lower pitch

Thinner Vocal Fold

Increasing length = Higher Pitch

Manner of Articulation

How sound is made Plosives (p,b & t) Fricatives (f, s & v) placement of tounge

Place of Articulation

Where the sound is made (Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar & Palatal)

Aphasia

Caused by Brain Damage like a stroke affects expressive language

Anomia

Word finding difficulty

Circumlocution

Talking around the word “thing to cut the paper”

Paraphasia

Saying the wrong word or sounds unintentionally

Non-Fluent Aphasia

Language production disorder
→ Usually in adults (after stroke/brain injury)
→ Speech is slow and effortful

Fluent Aphasia

Speaks fluently but makes no sense

Logorrhea

Excessive verbal output

Fluency

Speech is easy, rhythmical and evenly flowing

Disfluency

Between word disfluencies and or within word disfluencies

Aphonia

Complete loss of voice no sound being poduced from the vocal folds

Dysphonia

Hoarse or weakened voice

Phonemic paraphasia

sound errors within a word “log” for “dog”

Verbal (semantic) paraphasia

Wrong meaning cat for dog

Neologistic Paraphasia

Nonsense word

Morphosyntax

She is playing (How word forms and sentence structure work together to make correct sentences

Phonology

• language system (not an error)

• Refers to the rules and patterns of sounds in a language

• Often discussed in child speech development

Alexia

Alexia Reads (Acquired impairment of reading)

Agraphia

Agraphia writes (Acquired impairment of writing)

Extension

Grammar + Additional word Child: “Dog Running” “Yes, the Dog is running in the park”

Expansion

Grammar Child: “Dog Run” “Yes, the Dog is running”

Wernickes Aphasia

• Fluent but may include made-up words (neologisms), repetition

• Temporal lobe left posterior superior temporal gyrus Jargon, Logorrhea & Neologisms

Global Aphasia

Affects both expression and understanding

Location: large damage involving both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (often much of the left hemisphere, typically from a major stroke)

Organic Voice Disorders

Physical damage to voice structures

Functional Voice Disorders

Misuse of voice

Infectious Laryngitis

Infection; swollen and redness

Papillomas

HPV causes wart growth on vocal folds

Traumatic Laryngitis

Swollen and red vocal folds caused by excessive yelling

Nodules

Bilateral, calluses develop on vocal folds

Polyps

Blisters from vocal abuse that is unilateral

Vocal Fold Paralysis

Damage to the 10th cranial nerve vocal fold not fully adducted (closed) breathy voice quality

Neurologic voice disorders

Nerve/Brain control issue

Spasmodic dysphonia

Dysfunction of the neural signals ( Adductor vocal spams together) (Abductor vocal spams apart)

Apraxia

Problem with coordinating how to use words

Brocas Aphasia

• Speech: slow, effortful, few words, missing grammar relatively good

• Location: frontal lobe, specifically left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)

Norm Referenced

Compares a child’s score to peers of the same age

Criterion-referenced tests

Compared to a skill/standard