biom1070 eos 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Brain Regions

Include the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Comprises cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.

PNS Divisions

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage difference at rest, typically -70mV in neurons.

Action Potential

Triggered by depolarization to the threshold level, with phases like depolarization and repolarization.

Synaptic Transmission Steps

Include calcium influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, and neurotransmitter clearance.

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Activate G proteins to modulate intracellular signaling pathways.

Autonomic Nervous System Divisions

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Reflex Arc

Neural pathway in reflex actions involving sensory, interneuron, and motor neuron.

Bone Types

Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone formation.

Neuromuscular Junction

Releases acetylcholine for muscle contraction.

Muscle Contraction Steps

Include calcium release, troponin binding, myosin-actin binding, and muscle relaxation.

Joint Types

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Endocrine System Function

Secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions.

Hormone Travel

Through the bloodstream.

Pituitary Gland Hormones

GH, prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH.

Pineal Gland Hormone

Melatonin.

Thyroid Gland Hormones

T4, T3, and calcitonin.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Increases blood calcium levels.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Testes Hormone

Testosterone.

Ovaries Hormones

Estrogen and progesterone.

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake.

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels.