biom1070 eos 1
Module 3: Nervous System
Anatomy of the CNS
Q: What are the major parts of the central nervous system (CNS)? A: The brain and spinal cord.
Q: What are the three main regions of the brain? A: The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
Anatomy of the PNS
Q: What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of? A: Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.
Q: What are the two divisions of the PNS? A: The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Cells and Resting Membrane Potential
Q: What is the resting membrane potential? A: The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane at rest, typically -70mV in neurons.
Q: Which ions are primarily involved in generating the resting membrane potential? A: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and proteins (A-).
Action Potentials
Q: What triggers an action potential? A: The depolarization of the membrane potential to the threshold level.
Q: What are the phases of an action potential? A: Resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to resting potential.
Synaptic Transmission
Q: What are the steps of synaptic transmission? A: Action potential arrival, calcium influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, postsynaptic potential, and neurotransmitter clearance.
Q: What is the role of calcium in synaptic transmission? A: It triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitters.
Cell Communication & Receptors
Q: What are the main types of cell surface receptors? A: Ion channel-linked receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
Q: How do G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) work? A: They activate G proteins, which then activate or inhibit various intracellular signaling pathways.
Autonomic Nervous System
Q: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? A: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Q: What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system? A: Norepinephrine.
Reflexes & Revision
Q: What is a reflex arc? A: The neural pathway involved in a reflex action, typically including a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron.
Q: What are the types of reflexes? A: Somatic (e.g., knee-jerk reflex) and autonomic (e.g., pupil dilation).
Module 4: Musculoskeletal System
Types of Bone and Bone Physiology
Q: What are the four types of bones? A: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
Q: What is the function of osteoblasts? A: Bone formation.
The Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Contraction
Q: What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? A: Acetylcholine.
Q: What are the steps of muscle contraction? A: Action potential arrival, calcium release, troponin binding, tropomyosin shift, myosin-actin binding, power stroke, and muscle relaxation.
Muscle Agonists, Antagonists, Synergists, and Stabilisers
Q: What is an agonist muscle? A: The primary muscle responsible for a movement.
Q: What is a synergist muscle? A: A muscle that assists the agonist by adding extra force or reducing unnecessary movement.
Joint Anatomy and Biomechanics
Q: What are the three main types of joints? A: Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Q: What is a synovial joint? A: A freely movable joint characterized by a synovial cavity filled with fluid.
Muscle and Bone Interaction
Q: What is a lever in the musculoskeletal system? A: A rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force (muscle) is applied.
Q: What type of lever is the biceps curl? A: Third-class lever.
Module 5: Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Q: What is the primary function of the endocrine system? A: To secrete hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
Q: How do hormones travel in the body? A: Through the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, and Hypothalamus
Q: What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? A: GH, prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH.
Q: What hormone does the pineal gland produce? A: Melatonin.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Q: What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? A: Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
Q: What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A: To increase blood calcium levels.
Adrenal Glands
Q: What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex? A: Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
Q: What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla? A: Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Reproductive Endocrinology
Q: What hormones are produced by the testes? A: Testosterone.
Q: What hormones are produced by the ovaries? A: Estrogen and progesterone.
Endocrine Regulation of Metabolism and Energy Balance
Q: What is the role of insulin? A: To lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
Q: What hormone raises blood glucose levels? A: Glucagon.