period 4

Armenian genocide

A mass extermination of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Turks from 1915-1916 aimed at removing Christian influence in the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Versailles

Agreement that formally ended WWI, signed in 1919, focusing on punishing Central Powers, especially Germany, with the war guilt clause.

League of Nations

An international peace organization formed after WWI to prevent conflicts by requiring treaties and discussions between countries.

Indian National Congress

A political party formed in 1885 by Western-educated Indians seeking independence from Britain through civil disobedience.

collectivization

The process by which farmland is controlled by the government and divided among workers.

Blitzkrieg

A military strategy meaning 'lightning war,' involving rapid attacks at key points to defeat the enemy quickly.

February/March Revolution

The 1917 rebellion in Russia leading to the abdication of Czar Nicholas II, caused by WWI involvement and food scarcity.

October/November Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia aimed at establishing a communist republic, focusing on key infrastructures in Petrograd.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for creating lasting peace after WWI by addressing its underlying causes.

self-determination

The belief that citizens should have the right to choose their own government.

mandate system

Developed by the League of Nations, it allowed former Ottoman and German colonies to be governed by Allied Powers until self-government was achieved.

Bolshevik

A member of the Communist Party in Russia led by Lenin, advocating for the proletariat to seize power.

totalitarianism

A form of government where political leaders control all aspects of citizens’ lives.

satyagraha

Gandhi's philosophy of resisting unjust laws through peaceful means.

coalition government

A parliamentary system formed when no party has a majority, necessitating alliances with smaller parties.

Weimar Republic

The German post-WWI government known for its parliamentary system, which collapsed due to economic instability.

fascism

A political ideology promoting government control over citizens' lives, emphasizing nationalism and xenophobia.

Great Purge

Stalin's campaign against political threats resulting in mass executions and imprisonments from 1936-1938.

Five-Year Plans

Goals set by the Soviet government to increase production and industrialize the economy.

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese policy promoting the colonization of East Asia to protect traditional customs from Western influence.

appeasement

The political strategy of conceding to prevent future conflicts.

nonaggression pact

An agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to avoid conflict and share Europe post-WWII.

Kristallnacht

An organized attack on Jewish people in Germany in 1938, encouraging violence against Jewish businesses.

lebensraum

The German policy of expanding territory for self-sufficiency.

Vichy France

The WWII-era French government that collaborated with Nazi Germany and implemented anti-Semitic policies.

kulak

Wealthy peasant leaders before the Russian Revolution, later affected by collectivization policies.