Neu Psychiatric meds exam 3

ADHD symptoms

Inattention hyperactivity impulsivity

ADHD brain region

Prefrontal cortex

ADHD neurotransmitters

Low dopamine and norepinephrine

n-back test tests….

Sustained attention

Stroop task measures…

Selective attention

Go/no-go task tests…

Impulsivity

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

DAT and NET blocker

Amphetamine (Adderall)

DAT/NET and VMAT blocker

Atomoxetine

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Guanfacine

Alpha-2A adrenergic agonist

AD Stage 1

Presymptomatic

AD Stage 2

Mild Cognitive Impairment

AD Stage 3

Dementia

Amyloid-beta

Extracellular plaques

Tau protein

Hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles

Donepezil

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Pimavanserin

5-HT2A receptor antagonist

Dextromethorphan

NMDA receptor blocker

ADAS-cog measures….

cognitive dysfunction

Aδ fibers

Sharp mechanical pain

C fibers

Thermal and chemical pain

Spinothalamic tract

Sensory pain pathway

Central sensitization***

Exaggerated neuronal response***

Fibromyalgia

Widespread neuropathic pain

Morphine

Mu receptor agonist

SNRIs for pain

Enhances descending inhibition

Gabapentin

Alpha-2-delta ligand

Tail flick test

Measures analgesic efficacy

EEG

Measures brain rhythms

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement

Adenosine

Homeostatic sleep drive

VLPO

GABA sleep circuit

Orexin

Stabilizes wakefulness

Narcolepsy cause

Loss of orexin neurons

Benzodiazepines

GABA-A receptor PAMs

DORAs

Blocks orexin receptors .

AGE, female sex, cardiovascular disease, smoking, poor diet + sleep,

Risk factors of dementia

Progressive memory loss, confusion, agresion

Symptoms of dementia

Aβ plaques and Tau tangles

; Neuronal atrophy in hippocampus/cortex

; Cholinergic degeneration

; loss of top-down cortical inhibition

Dementia neurobiology

This protein plays an important role in synapse formation and neural plasticity

amyloid precursor protein (AB)

Eventually plaques form in the hippocampal formation (located in the medial temporal lobe) which is critical for the

formation of memories

NFTs first develop in the _______ cortex within the medial temporal lobe– the region that connects the hippocampus with other cortical areas and is a key regulator for memory and other cognitive domains

entorhinal

_____ _____is essentially a neurological manifestation of cardiovascular disease – where a build up of fat and cholesterol plaques build up in arteries causing them to narrow and harden

Vascular dementia

________ (brand name Leqembi) was approved in 2023 to target amyloid proteins that have not yet developed into plaques

Lecanemab

__________ (brand name Kisunla) was approved in 2023 to specifically target Aβ plaques

Donanemab

Many single nucleotide polymorphisms of the BDNF gene have been associated with

ADHD

Premature birth, maternal inflammation, genetics, exposure to toxins, increased media exposure, and early traumatic events

Risk factors for ADHD

Can structural and functional alterations observed in patients with ADHD be used as diagnostic markers?

NO!

ADHD show worse performance during ___ ___ (__) compared to thoose w/o

high cog. load 2-back+

participant must respond with the color the word is printed in (rather than the word itself)

Stroop task

Allosteric inhibitor of NET and DAT

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Competitive inhibitor of NET and DAT (reuptake blocker); VMAT inhibitor at high doses

Amphetamine (Adderall)

Selective NRI (Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) (blocks NET)

Atomoxetine (Straterra)

Selective α2A-adrenergic receptor agonist

Guanfacine (Intuniv)

Non-selective α2-adrenergic agonist

Clonidine (Catapres)