Unit 3 AP Psychology (copy)

What does the stability and change concept refer to in human development?

It refers to how individuals remain consistent or change over time in their behaviors, traits, and personality.

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

It is the debate regarding the influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on human development.

What distinguishes continuous from discontinuous stages of development?

Continuous development involves gradual changes, while discontinuous stages involve distinct and separate stages of growth.

What is a cross-sectional design method?

A research method that compares different age groups at one point in time to understand age-related changes.

What is a longitudinal design method?

A research method that studies the same group of individuals over a prolonged period.

What are teratogens?

Substances or environmental factors that can cause harm to a developing fetus during pregnancy.

What is the rooting reflex in infants?

An infant's automatic turning of the head toward a stimulus that touches the cheek, often to seek a nipple.

What is the visual cliff test?

A test used to study depth perception in infants and young animals.

What is imprinting in animal development?

A rapid form of learning in which a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, often a parent.

What are primary sex characteristics?

Body structures directly involved in reproduction, such as ovaries and testes.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Physical features that distinguish the sexes but are not directly involved in reproduction, such as facial hair and breasts.

What is menarche?

A female's first menstrual period, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

What is spermarche?

A male's first ejaculation, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

What is menopause?

The end of menstrual cycles and reproductive ability in females, usually occurring in middle age.

What is the definition of sex in biological terms?

The biological distinction between male and female based on anatomy and physiology.

What is gender?

The roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women.

Who is Piaget?

A developmental psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

What is assimilation?

The process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

What is accommodation?

The process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

What defines the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

Piaget's first stage (birth to 2 years) where infants explore the world through their senses and actions.

What is object permanence?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

What characterizes the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

It is characterized by symbolic thinking but lacking logical reasoning, occurring between ages 2-7.

What is conservation in child development?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.

What is animism in child development?

Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects, common in young children.

What is egocentrism in cognitive development?

Difficulty in seeing the world from others' perspectives, typical in the preoperational stage.

What is theory of mind?

The ability to understand others' thoughts, feelings, and intentions.

What defines the concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory?

Piaget's third stage (7-11 years) where children develop logical thinking about concrete events.

What is the formal operational stage according to Piaget?

Piaget's final stage (12+ years) involving abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Who is Vygotsky?

A psychologist emphasizing the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The range between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

What is crystallized intelligence?

Knowledge and skills accumulated over time, often improving with age.

What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to think abstractly and solve new problems, typically declining with age.

What is dementia?

A decline in cognitive functioning that interferes with daily life, often associated with aging.

What is language?

A system of communication using sounds, symbols, and grammar.

What are phonemes?

The smallest units of sound in language.

What are morphemes?

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

What is semantics in linguistics?

The meaning of words and sentences in a language.

What is syntax?

The set of rules for arranging words into sentences.

What is grammar?

The overall system of rules governing language structure.

What is cooing?

Early vowel-like sounds made by infants.

What is babbling?

Repetition of consonant-vowel sounds by infants.

What is the one-word stage of language development?

A developmental stage where children use single words to communicate.

What is telegraphic speech?

Early speech stage where children use short, simple phrases like 'want cookie'.

What is overgeneralization in language development?

Applying a language rule too broadly, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.

What are ecological systems according to Bronfenbrenner?

A framework for understanding environmental influences on development, including microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

What is an authoritarian parenting style?

Strict rules and expectations with little warmth.

What is an authoritative parenting style?

Balanced approach with rules and warmth.

What is a permissive parenting style?

High warmth with few rules or expectations.

What is secure attachment?

A strong, healthy bond between child and caregiver, fostering confidence.

What is insecure attachment?

Poor attachment styles, including avoidant, anxious, and disorganized.

What is temperament?

An individual's innate behavioral style and emotional reactivity.

What is separation anxiety?

Distress experienced when separated from a primary caregiver.

What did Harlow’s Monkey Study demonstrate?

The importance of comfort and care in attachment.

What is the imaginary audience and personal fable concept in adolescence?

Adolescents' belief that they are the focus of others' attention and their experiences are unique.

What is a social clock?

Societal norms for timing of life events (e.g., marriage, career).

What is emerging adulthood?

A transitional period (18-25 years) marked by exploration of identity and independence.

What are Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A theory with eight stages including Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, and others.

What are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?

Traumatic experiences in childhood affecting long-term health and well-being.

What is the sense of identity?

Developed through achievement, diffusion, foreclosure, and moratorium.

What types of identities are recognized?

Identities include racial/ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, religious, occupational, and familial.

What is the behavioral perspective?

Focuses on observable behavior and its relationship with environmental stimuli.