Organization of Life - Part 1 Exam

leaf epiderms

located on the upper and lower part of the leaf; one cell layer thick

cuticle

non-cellular layer that prevents water loss

stomata

found mostly on the lower surface of the leaf, small pores that allow gas exchange

guard cells

occur in pairs, control the opening and closing of the stomata/stoma

palisade mesophyll

photosynthetic layer in a leaf; contains chloroplasts (chlorophyll) and is responsible for photosynthesis

spongy mesophyll

photosynthetic layer in a leaf; contains chloroplasts (chlorophyll); made of parenchyma cells that are irregular in shape and have lots of air spaces between them.

vascular bundle

Also called a vein; contains two types of tissue - xylem and phloem

Xylem

Type of vascular tissue in a plant that transports water and dissolved minerals.

Phloem

Type of vascular tisse in a plant that transports food in a plant

chloroplast

Type of plant organelle; contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Free of ribosomes; the organelle that makes fats and lipids.

lysosomes

organelle that contains digestive enzymes

chromoplast

Type of organelle, found in plants has pigments that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow hues

mitochondira

Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for cellular respiration/

Ribosomes

Organelle that is responsible for making proten; either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Leucoplast

Organlle found in plant cells, type of plastid that stores starch.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle made up of a system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export (excretion) by the cell. Protein packaging organelle.

Centriole pairs (centrioles)

Made up of microtubules and take part in cell division.

Vacuole

Organelle that serves as a reservoir for a variety of substances dissolved in water. Large central vacuole in plant cells. Smaller vacuoles in animal cells that may appear and disappear depending on conditions.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cells; type of plastid that contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis

Plant cell walls are made up of:

cellulose

Fungi cell walls are made up of:

chitin

Eubacteria cell walls are made up of:

peptidoglycan

Cell membranes are said to be:

selectively permeable/differentially permeable/semi-permeable

A cell membrane structure is described as:

A phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The Fluid Mosaic Model

Moving down a concentration gradient means ____

Moving from high to lower concentration.

Moving against a concentration gradient means...

Moving from low to high concentration

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What does ATP do for the cell?

Cell energy - energy is stored in the bonds of the 3 phosphate groups

State three things about passive transport

1. No energy required (ATP)

2. Moving with the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.

3. Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are three examples.

Name the two types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis (liquid) and phagocytosis (solid

Name the 3 parts of ATP

1 adenine; 1 ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

The energy source for photosynthesis is the:

sun

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplasts?

thylakoid membranes

Where does cellular respiration occur in all organisms?

mitochondria

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to?

pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

The photosynthetic layer of the leaf is:

the mesophyll layers (palisade and spongy)

Name three things that change the diffusion rate:

pressure, temperature, concentration

Define exocytosis

Type of active transport that removes larger molecules from the cell.

When does glycolysis occur?

At the beginning of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Name the two stages of anaerobic respiration.

glycolysis and fermentation

Name three types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Name three types of active transport

With a protein carrier molecule, endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis), exocytosis

What are the two regions of a phospholipid?

hydrophobic tail (hates water) and hydrophilic head (loves water)

Phylogeny is:

the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

What 2 kingdoms are prokaryotic?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

what 4 kingdoms are eukayotic?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Name 3 organisms in Kingdom Fungi

yeast, mold, mushrooms, truffles

Taxonomy is:

the science of naming and classifying organisms

Name three organisms in Kingdom Protista.

euglena, amoeba, paramecium

Name the taxonomic levels in order from broadest to most specific

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Give 3 characteristics of organisms in Kingdom Animalia

eukaryotic cells, heterotrophs, multicellular, mobile

What kingdom includes the extremophiles

K. Archaebacteria

Are viruses classified in the 6 kingdoms?

No - they do not fit the criteria for living organisms.

The binomial systems of classification was developed by:

Carolus Linneaus

What 2 kingdoms have both unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Protista and Fungi

Name the 6 kingdoms

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Where would you find a chemoautotroph?

cold seep , whale fall, Mars, oceanic trench

Define hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes (more salt) outiside of the cell and water leaves the cell.

Define hypotonic

lower concentration of solutes outside of the cell and water enters the cell.

Define isotonic

a medium and cell are said to be isotonic when the solute concentrations of the medium and the cell are equal

Scientist Urey and Miller are known for?

Their ground breaking experiment simulated Earth soon after its birth. The purpose was to figure out how life started on our bubbling, boiling, hellish Earth.

Jenn Blank

She believed Earth came from the sky at 20 000 mph on a comet that delivered prebiotic materials to Earth - the "Gun" experiment.

Cavanaugh

Credited with the discovery of chemosynthesis.

Jack Szostak

Early membranes or primitive skins are soap bubblesand they evolved into the modern cell membranes with their highly evolved machinery.

John Sutherland

A chemist who seeks to discover the origin of DNA. By recreating the sequence of events on early earth, his team has achieved 2 of the 4 building blocks of RNA.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

known as the Father of Microscopy.

Paul Davies

A cosmologist who researches a home grown alien type of life on a different tree from ours which he calls a shadow biosphere.

State three things about active transport:

1. Uses ATP

2. Moves against the concentration gradient

3. Types include - with a protein carrier molecule, endocytosis, exocytosis.

Aerobic respiration

is the complete oxidation of glucose yielding 36 ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration is:

the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen yielding 2 ATP.

Why do we get sore muscles after strenous exercise?

Build up of lactic acid due to anaeroboc respiration.

The steps of cell fractionation are:

homogenization and centrifugation