Anatomy Cardiovascular ❤️ quiz 1

What is the function or the Cardiovascular system?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

What to blood vessels allow the Blood to do?

Circulate to all parts of the body

Which muscle is found in the Heart?

Cardiac Muscle

What is the Cardiac Muscle responsible for?

Continual contraction/relaxation cycle that pumps blood throughout the body

How many times does a heart beat per day for the average person

100,000

Where is the heart located?

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

What is the orientation of the heart?

-Pointed apex directed towards the left hip

-Base points toward right shoulder

heartache

blend of emotional stress are stress induced sensation in chest

Symptoms of a heartache

muscle tightness, abnormal stomach activity, shortness of breath, increased heart rate

Stress from a heart ache can overstimulate…

the vagus nerve

(causing the pain, nausea, tightness in chest)

Broken Heart syndrome

Temporary and reversible heart condition whose symptoms mimic a heart attack

When does broken Heart syndrome occur

when a sudden physical or emotional stress causes rapid weakening of the heart muscles

Another name for broken heart syndrome?

cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Can you die from broken heart syndrome?

Although death has happened, it’s an extremely rare event (about 1%) and therefore highly unlikely that you will die from broken heart syndrome. In most cases, broken heart syndrome is a short, temporary condition with a full recovery.

Cause of broken heart syndrome

you reacting to physical or emotional stress, your body releases stress hormones in your blood like adrenalin, noradrenalin, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

-Experts think that these hormones temporarily interfere with your heart’s function causing broken heart syndrome.

The heart covering

Pericardium

What is the Pericardium?

a double-walled sac

Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial

Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

serous fluid

fills the spaces between the layers of the pericardium

serous membrane

is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

Fibrous pericardium

Loose and superficial

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall

This layer is the visceral pericardium

Connective tissue layer

4 heart chambers

-Right atrium

-Left atrium

-Right ventricle

-Left ventricle

What type of chamber is the Ventricles

Discharging Chambers

consist of Right ventricle and Left ventricle

What type of chambers is the Atria

Receiving chambers

Consist of left atrium and right atrium

Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart wall

Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart wall

Mostly cardiac muscle

Three layers of the heart wall? (outer to inner)

(Outer) Epicardium

(middle) Myocardium

(inner) Endocardium

Types of heart septa

Interventricular septum

Interatrial septum

Interventricular septum

separates the two ventricles

Interatrial septum

Separates the two atria

The heart valve

Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

between the atria and the ventricles

Semilunar valves

between ventricle and artery

Four types of valves

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

1. Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)

2. Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)

Semilunar valves

3. Pulmonary semilunar valve

4. Aortic semilunar valve

Types of Semilunar valves

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

Types of Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Tricuspid valve

When is the semilunar valve open and closes

OPENED during ventricular contraction

CLOSED heart relaxation

Systemic circulation

Blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

Heart → Body → heart

Blood Flow Through the Heart

1. Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right atrium

2. From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle

3. From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

4. Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Pacemaker for the heart

found in the right atrium

Purkinje fibers

Spread within the ventricle wall muscles

Where are bundle branches found?

in the interventricular septum

Atrioventricular bundle

AV bundle (bundle of His), is in the inter ventricular septum

Atrioventricular node

AV node,
is at the junction of the atria and ventricles

Heart conduction system

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Atrioventricular node

Atrioventricular bundle

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

How does blood empty into the right atrium?

By the Coronary sinus

Coronary sinus

a large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

Coronary Circulation

-Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of

Coronary arteries, Cardiac veins, Coronary sinus

-Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

Coronary arteries

branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Where does the SA node (pacemaker) go?

Right atrium

Cardiac veins

drain the myocardium of blood

Fourth (final) step of blood flow through the heart

The Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs

third step of Blood Flow Through the Hear

From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

Second step of Blood Flow Through the Heart

From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle

First step of Blood Flow Through the Heart

Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right atrium

Pulmonary circulation

Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

Heart → Lungs → Heart

What are the 3 types of circulation

1. Systemic circulation

2. Pulmonary circulation

3. Coronary Circulation

how do the Atrioventricular (AV) valves stay in place?

Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)

When is the Atrioventricular (AV) valve open and closes

OPENED during heart relaxation

CLOSED during ventricular contraction

What happens at the Av node during the heart contraction process?

The impulse passes through the Av bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibers

Heart contraction process

1. Contractions are initiated by the sinoatrial node (SA node)

2. After Sa node starts heartbeat, impulse spread to Av node and then the atria contracts

3. At the AV node, the impulses pass through the AV bundle, bundle branches and the punkinje fibers

4. Blood is ejected from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk as the Ventricles contract

CO(cardiac output) =

HR (heart rate) (75 bpm) x SR (stroke volume (70 ml/bpm)

what hormones are involved in a increased heart rate

Thyroxine

Epinephrine

What happens to blood pressure when heart rate is increased?

low blood pressure

What happens to blood volume with an increased heart rate?

Decreased blood volume

What happens to blood pressure and blood volume when heart rate is decreased?

high blood pressure and blood volume

what are the layers of the blood vessels called

Tunics

Tunic externa

layer of the blood vessels

Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Tunic media

Layer of the blood vessels

Smooth muscle

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Three layers of blood vessels?

Tunic intima

Tunic media

Tunic externa

Arteries

walls are the thickest

Veins:

lumens are larger, larger veins have valves to prevent backflow, skeletal muscle “milks” blood toward the heart

Capillaries:

walls are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

Vascular shunt

vessel directly connecting an arteriole to a venule

True capillaries

exchange vessels Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood

What are the two types of vessels the capillary beds consist of?

Vascular shunt

True capillaries

Veins have ________ walls

Thin

What type of blood do veins carry?

Oxygen poor blood

What type of blood to Arteries carry?

Oxygen- rich blood

Arteries have _______ walls

Thick

Veins carry blood….

Towards the heart

Arteries carry blood…

away from the heart

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

records the heart rhythm to check for problems with the hearts electrical activity

-measurement of electrical activity of the heart

How many vessels do capillary beds consist of?

Two types

Difference between blood vessels

• Arteries: walls are the thickest

• Veins: lumens are larger, larger veins have valves to prevent backflow, skeletal muscle “milks” blood toward the heart

• Capillaries: walls are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

Tunic intima

Layer of the blood vessels

Endothelium

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart

Venules (smaller)

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

-Arteries

-Arterioles (smaller)

Blood Vessels: The Vascular System

Transport blood to the tissues and back

What happens to venous return during decreased heart rate?

decreased venous return

Decreased heart rate

Parasympathetic nervous system

High blood pressure or blood volume

Decreased venous return

Increased heart rate

Sympathetic nervous system

-Crisis

-Low blood pressure

Hormones

-Epinephrine

-Thyroxine

Exercise

Decreased blood volume

Murmurs

abnormal sound, can initiate valve sound

What does The second (S2) sound represent?

is the closing of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves.

What does the first sound (S1) represent

Closing of the Av valve (tricuspid to Bicuspid)

What is the sound of the heart often described as?

“Lub dub”

Most common way to change cardiac output?

Changing the heart rate