psych slides part 1

DSM

Diagnostic Statistical Manual; as a common language and standardized criteria for the classification of mental disorders/psychopathology

The Nature of the DSM

Use the DSM to make determinations and communicate diagnoses to patients following evaluation; 5th edition of the DSM revised the previous classification system of organizing disorders into five dimensions

Abnormal

Statistically speaking, any behavior is atypical if it is not exhibited by 68% of the people in a particular group or culture

Social Nonconformity

Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior

Situational Context

Social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place

Cultural Relativity

Judgments are made relative to the values of one's culture

Deviance

Thoughts, behaviors, or ideas that are abnormal or go against societal or cultural norms

Distress

Negative feelings that affect the individual and others around them

Danger

Violent or threatening behavior towards oneself or others

Dysfunction

Also known as maladaptive behavior, this is when someone is unable to complete everyday tasks or their feelings or behaviors impact their relationships or daily life

Duration

How long the symptoms last

Dorothea Dix

Helped reform inhumane treatments for psychological disorders

Medical Model

Concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in some cases cured - often through treatment in a hospital

Etiology

Cause and development of the disorder

Diagnosis

Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another

Treatment

Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital

Prognosis

Forecast about the disorder

Stress Vulnerability Model

Suggests individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase/decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

Epigenetics

Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Genetic Influences

Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles

Psychoanalytic Theory

Internalizes it and directs it toward himself or herself, leading to guilt & loss of self-esteem, and finally depression

Learning Theorist

Learned that previous negative events in their lives were out of their control, leading them to expect future events to be out of their control too

Cognitive Theorist

Depressed people have negative views of themselves from bad experiences in childhood, filtering out any positive info in their lives

Biological Views

People with depression may have lower levels of serotonin & noradrenaline, two neurotransmitters in the brain that are involved with emotion and mood

Major Depressive Disorder

Occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions with five or more symptoms

Depressive Cycle

Negative stressful events, pessimistic explanatory style, hopeless depressed state; these hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection

Postpartum Depression

A serious mental health condition that can affect a woman's physical and behavioral health after giving birth, more severe than the 'baby blues'

Maternity Blues ~ Baby Blues

Mild depression that lasts for one to two days after childbirth, marked by crying, fitful sleep, tension, anger, and irritability

Persistent Depressive/Dysthymia Disorder

Mildly depressed mood more often than not for two years or more

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A severe, sometimes disabling extension of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) causing extreme mood shifts that can disrupt daily life and damage relationships

Cyclothymic Disorder

Though milder than bipolar disorder, cyclothymia is sometimes a precursor for bipolar I or II disorder

Bipolar I Disorder

Extreme mania and deep depression; one type of manic-depressive illness

Bipolar II Disorder

Person is mainly sad but has one or more hypomanic episodes (mild mania)

Mania

Has maladaptive symptoms such as high optimism and self-esteem, recklessness

Norepinephrine and Serotonin

A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression

Hypomania example

At first when I'm high, it's tremendous… ideas are fast… like shooting stars you follow until brighter ones appear…. All shyness disappears, the right words and gestures are suddenly there… uninteresting people, things become intensely interesting. Sensuality is pervasive, the desire to seduce and be seduced is irresistible. Your marrow is infused with unbelievable feelings of ease, power, well-being, omnipotence, euphoria… you can do anything… but, somewhere this changes.

Depression example

I doubt completely my ability to do anything well. It seems as though my mind has slowed down and burned out to the point of being virtually useless…. [I am] haunt[ed]… with the total, the desperate hopelessness of it all…. Others say, "It's only temporary, it will pass, you will get over it," but of course they haven't any idea of how I feel, although they are certain they do. If I can't feel, move, think or care, then what on earth is the point?

Mania example

The fast ideas become too fast and there are far too many… overwhelming confusion replaces clarity… you stop keeping up with it—memory goes. Infectious humor ceases to amuse. Your friends become frightened…. everything is now against the grain… you are irritable, angry, frightened, uncontrollable, and trapped.

PET scan

shows that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes

Anxiety Disorders

continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formal called phobia).

How is anxiety different from stress?

From the picture:

Stress is a response to a threat in a situation, while anxiety is a reaction to that stress.

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

OCD- Obsessive compulsive disorder

Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action

Body dysmorphia disorder

obsessive worries about perceived flaws and appearance.

Trichotillomania

hair pulling

Excoriation disorder

excessive skin picking