AP WORLD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

industrial revolution, AMSCO 5.3-6.8

Factors Aiding Industrial Growth

• changes in farming methods

• energy revolution

Changes in Farming methods

• enclosure movement

  • fencing off land previously shared by peasant farmers

• crop rotation

Energy Revolution

• coal and the steam engine meant that factories could be built anywhere

• iron became building block for new industrial economy

• coal powered steam engines allowed for railroads

Why Industrial Revolution Started in Britain

• Lots of coal and iron deposits

• More agricultural output meant lower food prices, and less farm work meant more workers. 

• Religious tolerance drew skilled labor from other areas

• Worldwide business market

Why Industrialization Spread throughout Europe

• Smaller nation states led to highly competitive atmosphere

• Newness- no large tax collection, led to alliances between workers and merchants

• World trade- forced to compete with goods from Asia

Positive Effects of Industrialization

• More jobs

• More goods= lower prices

• Inventions improved quality of life for many

• Pop. growth stabilized, death rates fell

• Growth of railroads and canals

• Rise of middle class

Negative Effects of Industrialization

• 70% are lower (laboring) class

  • Suffered the most, benefited the least

  • Overcrowded, dangerous workplaces with child labr, pollution, and low wages

Urbanization

The movement of people to cities, led to overcrowding during the industrial revolution

Tenement Housing

• shabby apartment buildings

• No light, running water, many to one room, no sanitation system

Responses to Industrialization

• Violence and arson

• Machines taking over jobs

Adam Smith

Believed in capitalism:

• Individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production

• Land, labor, and capital

• Businesses are privately owned

Karl Marx

Believed in socialism:

• Governments own the means of production and operate them on behalf of the people

• Reform movements, unions, and anti-trust laws were created

Growing Middle Class

consisted of factory owners, shippers, and merchants

• Life had improved and they were protective of those improvements

• No desire to lose new status.

Russia During Industrialization

• Absolute monarchy still

  • No legal political parties

  • No nationwide elections

  • Serfs not freed until 1861

• Forced industrialization

  • Serfs went from fields to factories

  • Marxist socialism becomes very appealing

Imperialism

 policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy, economic influence, or military force

Economic Factors of Imperialism

•  competition of industrial revolution

  • New and additional resources

  • New and additional markets

Nationalistic Factors of Imperialism

• competition among nations

  • Extreme patriotism and nationalism

Cultural Factors of Imperialsm

• You should live like us, we are modern and better (slavery should end)

• Spread of christianity

Forms of Imperialism

• colony

• protectorate

• sphere of influence

• economic imperialism

Colony

country or region governed internally by a foreign powr

protectorate

country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

sphere of influence

an area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading priveleges

indirect control

• local government officials were used

• limited self rule

• goal: to develop future leaders

• government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rulers

Direct control

• foreign officials bought in the rule

• no self rule

• goal: assimilation

• government institutions are based on only European style

British East India Company

• formed to trade exotic Asian goods in Europe and America

• set up trade posts in major port cities in India

British East India Company Policies

• the rulers of states, suggested that they needed British support to keep their throne

• the company’s army took over muh of the tax collection

• the company began to dominate and control large parts of india

Effects of British East India Company

• by 1700, India’s Muhgal empire was in decline and small states ruled by a maharajah were formed

• conflicts between Hindus and Muslims further weakened India

The Sepoy Mutiny

Hindus and Muslims working as sepoys heard a rumor that their gun cartridges given to them by the British are greased in cow and pig fat

• this causes them to rebel after being required to bite the tips off the cartridges

sepoy

indian soldiers employed by the British to help control the country

Results of the Sepoy Mutiny

• british government steps in to help East India Company

• British remove the East India Company and take control themsleves

• British government ruled India directly

  • queen Victoria becomes empress

  • local rulers, but British makes the laws and controls the economy

Cotton in India under Queen Victoria’s rule

• all cotton produced in India shipped to England to be turned into clothing

• indians were not allowed to make their own clothes, they had to buy them from the British

Tea in India under Queen VIctoria’s rule

• british now controlled global market of tea

Social Structure in India under Queen Victoria’s rule

• englishmen attended to by Indian servants

• British colonials in India could live like princes because there were so many Indian servants

Opium in India under Queen Victoria’s rule

• major source of income for British

• made from poppies grown in India

Positive Effects of British rule in India

• built railroad networ

• telephones, roads, schools, irrigation, improved healthcare

• customs that threaten human rights are ended (Sati and child marriage)

• new laws means justice for all classes, class system begins to fade away

White Man’s Burden

• belief (or excuse) that the white man had the responsibility to spread his civilizaition to others

• British reforms in India did include a modern system of education, economic reforms, and a creation of unified states

Negative Effects of British rule in India

• focus on cash crops produced famine

• racist attitudes: indians treated as inferior

• lack of power- top jobs especially in government go to the British

• British try to replace Indian culture with their religion and customs

• British made goods replace local goods. Lack of Indian manufacture means widespread poverty (few good jobs)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

By 1608, Ieyasu was granted the title of shogun by the emperor and established the Tokugawa shogunate

Social Changes in Japan under Tokugawa Shogunate

• Once japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureacrats and government officials 

• As they lost their place in society, many of the ruling elite (whos income came from collecting rice from peasants), fell into poverty

• Merchants in Japan became increasingly wealthy and prominent

Dutch Island

artificial island off the coast of Japan that served as a trading hub for the Portuguese.

Trade under the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Only one port open to trade w/outside world (portuguese)

• Class conflicts (no need for samurai)

• 1852, commodore Mathew Perry forces Japan to open trade with U.S.

Meiji Restoration

• The end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867

• Emperor and ministers (no more shogun) controlling a united Japan

• New constitution is created

Westernization of Japan

• Rapid industrialization led by nation (government monopolies created then sold to private companies); railroads, ports, etc. 

• Fascination with western technology, politics, and dress

• Military build up and imperialism

Russo-Japanese War (1904)

• Japan destoyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land

• By 1910, Japan has control of all Korea

• Japan takes control of Taiwan and Korea

• Invades Manchuria (China) in 1931.

Qing Dynasty

aka Manchu Dynasty, 1644, China”s last dynasty

• Foreign, not considered “Han” Chinese

• China isnt imperialising because they are practicing isolationsim still

  • They believed they had everything they needed within China

The Canton System

Canton= southern Chinese city of Guangzhou (aka Canton)

• Was the only chinese port open to trade w/foreigners

  • Trade could only take place through liscensed Chinese merchants

  • This restricted foreign trade, and sujected it to Chinese government regulations

Trade Imbalances in China under Qing Dynasty

-Great Britain's trade with china

• Shipped indian cotton and British silver to China, and Chinese tea and other Chinese goods to Britain

• This balance of trade heavily favored China

  • British consumers wanted chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

  • Chinese consumers didnt want goods produced in Britain

• Britain tried to change this by replacing cotton with opium from India

• This was a success at first for the British, and by 1820s, the trade was in Britains favor, and the chinese had to pay with silver

opium

• Illegal to smuggle into the country, but Britain smuggled tons of opium into CHina

  • Millions of addicts depend on this british product grown in India

• Chinese emperor asks Queen Victoriea to stop opium imports-she never replies

Opium Wars

War between China and Britain

• 1839-1842 and 1856-1860

• Superior British technology, (naval steamships, and gunoats in particular) lead to a British victory

Treaty of Nanjing

• British obtains Hong Kong

• Many ports open to trade

• Financial damages- 18 million

Downfall of China

• China’s defeat was a sign that China’s power was weakening

• The continuation of the opium trade added to the cost of China in both silver and in the serious social consequences of opium addiction

• Rebellions break out throughout China, and they can’t pay back the debt it owes from the Treaty of Nanjang

The Boxer Rebellion

1900

• The peaceful harmonious fists society

• Citizens try to rid their country of all foreign influence

• Nations, (England, France, and U.S., join together)

• Chinese are defeated, foreign countries are now in economic control

  • 50 of China’s most prosperous ports were open to foreing trade and residence

  • European nations divided China into spheres of influence

Nationalism in China

1911- nationalist Chinese forces under Sun Yat-sen forced the abdication of the last emperor Pu Yi.

Disjointed China (1912-1931)

• New government created the republic of China, and established the seat of government in Nanjiang, it failed to unify the country under its control. 

• The Qing withdrawal led to a power vacuum in certain regions, resulting in the rise of warlords. 

  • Prevented the formation of a strong, central, nationalist government.

The Industrial Revolution and the Slave Trade

• I.R. played role in the decline and abolition of slave trade, though it wasn’t the sole factor

• I.R. in Britain emphasized free labor, tech advancements, and created an environment increasingly incompatible with slavery

Why did the slave trade end?

• social and political changes

• African resistance

• technological advancements

• shifting power dynamics

Factor that led to the end of the slave trade: Social and Political Changes

• Enlightenment emphasis on human rights/democratic ideals

• Political movements, social movements (American and French Revolution)

Factor that led to the end of the slave trade: technological advancements

improved technology lessened the need for slave labor.

Factor that led to the end of the slave trade: Shifting power dynamics

• Britain empowered, influenced abolishment of slave trade

• Britain controls the sea to stop slave trade

Effects of Abolishment of Slavery

• Former slaves did not get full freedom

• Race relations were redefined and new systems of labor emerged

• System of involuntary or forced labor, such as penage, apprenticeship contract/indentured laborers

• led to small labor problems, spuring efforts to restore plantation discipline

Reasons for African Imperialism

• it was large

• economic interests

• political interests

• cultural interests

Economic interests that led to imperialism of Africa

• Slave trade was abolished and the I.R. meant thst people needed raw materials for factories

• Plenty of land for resources

• Few modern weapons

Political interests that led to imperialism of africa

• Competition between countries

• If we don’t act now, there wont be any land or resources for us

Cultural interests that led to Imperialism of africa

• Europeans felt superior

• Justified rule in africa

• Noble duty was to educate and to civilize africans

Causes for Berlin Conference

• Europen countries decided they could claim African colonies just by setting up government offices in African territories.

• Set off great scramble as Europeans rushed to colonize

Berlin Conference

• 1884

• Set up rules for colonizing Africa

• No africans were at this meeting

• Agreed that before they could clim territory, they would have to set up as an outpost

• Whoever was the first to build outpost gained that area of land. 

Belgian Congo

• Leopold II (King of Belgium) established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for himself.

  • Desperate for control of rubber industry

  • Disguised his goals as wantong to christianize and help africans

• This begins sramble by other european countries to african territory

Effects of Belgian Congo

• Africans had to harvest a certain amount of rubber a month 

  • If they didn’t meet standards, Africans got their hands severed

• 10 million Africans died

• Human zoos of Africans started to become popular throughout Europe

African Resistance

• Movements in late 19th-20th centuries

  • “I have listened to your wods but can find no reason to obey you”

• Complex resistance, not always just Africans vs. Europeans

  • Rapid imperial expansion did not change relationships within african communities

  • African rivalries united to resit Europeans

• Not all resistance took forms of violence

Every day acts of African Resistance

• Sharing oral histories

• Doing slow, poor work

• Providing false information to colonial officials

The Boers

• In south africa

• In mid 1600s, duth farmers who settled in southern africa in Cape Colony

  • Became rich off of ivory

The Anglo-Boer War

• Late 1880s, gold and diamonds in northern Boer territory were found, caused  war

• Lasted from 1899-1902

• Involved bitter guerilla warfare between Boers and British

• British won, but only after extreme death toll

The Zulus

• Early 1800s in Southern Africa

• Leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to form this nation

• Skilled and organized fighters

• Fought against  european slave traders and ivory hunters

The Anglo-Zulu War

• I1879, Zulus wipe out British force at battle of Isandwana

• Not long until Britishs’s superior weaponry neat out zulus at battle of Rocke’s Profit

When Africans rebelled, Europeans killed thousands

Ethiopia

•  Kept there freedom through succesful military resistance

• Emperor Merdik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools

• Defeated italians so bad, no other European country tried to take Ethiopia

Liberia

• Country of independent Africans

• After slave trade was outlawed, abolishonists in the U.S. promoted the idea of returning free slaves to Africa

• In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle here

  • Former slaves named capital Monrovia in his honor

Positive Effects of Imperialism

• Unified nation-states created

• Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

• Increased agricultural production

• Improved transportation and communication facilities

• Expanded educational opportunities

Negative Effects of Imperialism

• Encouraged tribal wars (in Africa) by creating artificial borders

• Created a population explosion famine

• Produced cash crops, and not food for natives

• Exploited natural resources: mineral, lumber, rubber, human rights

• Downgraded traditional culture through westernization. 

Economic Imperialism

• Use of economic power to exert control over other countries, regions, or peoples

• This can take many forms, including the control of natural resources (like guano), and the exploitation of labor and markets

• Can also involve the use of economic aid, loans, and other orms o financial assistance as a means of exerting influence and control

Economic Imperialism of Chiquita

• United Fruit Company- Chiquita today

  • U.S. companies wanted to have land to grow bananas on

• UFC owned 3.5 million acres across Guatemala

• Built new railroads to manage exports, nations dependent on UFC for transportation

• Suppressed the uprising workers

Responses to Imperialism

Peoples under threat of western or Japanese conquest in the later 19th century responded in a variety of ways;

• Armed resistance

• Negotiation

• Fleeing (migration)

• Protest

• In these crises, locla peoples were as much an agent of change as were the intruders

Tazimat Reforms

• Called for the establishment of new institutions that would guarantee security of life, property, and honor to all subjects of the empire regardless of their religion or race in the Ottoman Empire

  • Standardized system of taxation

  • Fairer methods of military conscription and training

  • Creation of representative assemblies

  • New codes of commercial and criminal law (modeled fter Napoleonic Codes)

• The desire to preserve the state, bough about the modernization

Response to Imperialism- Migration

Effects on Home: 

• Women’s family role increased/became more important

Effects on new Home:

• Ethnic enclaves

  • Chinese in the U.S. and Austrailia as workers

  • Irish in U.S. urban areas, public workers.