CEE 3 MODULE 1- MEDICINAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

incorporates different branches of chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry

any substance intended for the prevention, diagnosis, cure, mitigation, or treatment of symptoms of a disease or abnomarl condition

Drug

Drug can be classified according to its:

Origin

Medicinal use

Type of disease

Origin can be:

Natural compound

Synthetic compound

Semisynthetic compound

fights malignant cells/ tissues

Chemotherapeutic agent

Acts on various physiological functions of the body

pharmacodynamic agent

A type of disease that can be transmitted via person-to-person or outside agents

Infectious diseases

A type of disease that disorders of the human body are caused by genetic malfunction, environmental factors, stress, or old age

Non-infectious diseases

Pain alleviation, prevention of pregnancy, anesthesia

Non-disease

various chemical compounds are bound and produce a pharmacological response

Receptor

side chains on the surfaces of the cells were complementary to the dyes; gave way to SELECTIVE TOXICITY

Receptor Hypothesis

Who discovered the receptor hypothesis

Paul Ehrlich

The substrate is completely complementary in shape to the active site, so that it fits in perfectly

Lock and key theory

The substrate and active site are not completely complementary, but the enzyme conforms to the shape of the substrate

Induced fit theory

Maximum pharmacologic effect can be obtained if all the receptors are occupied; the pharmacologic effect of the drug depends on the percentage of the receptors occupied

Hypothesis of Clark

The effectiveness of a drug lasts as long as the receptor is occupied

Hypothesis of Ariens and Stephenson

Effectiveness of a drug does not depend on the actual occupation of the receptor, but on obtaining a PROPER STIMULUS

Hypothesis of Paton

Active-site-directed irreversible inhibition;

Covalent bond formation between receptor and ligand

Hypothesis of Baker

The more potent enantiomer should be involved in a three-point fit to the receptor

Easson-Stedman hypothesis

It identifies what type of disease to expect

Target identification

Lead and natural sources from folklore medicine are assayed

Natural Product screening

All synthetic organic compounds available are tested in a pharmacological assay for a specific type of biological activity

Random screening

Focused approach on structural knowledge of the receptor or ligands to design, identify, or create a 'lead'

Rational drug design

Conducted for clinical candidates or drugs already in the market

Drug metabolism studies

defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute; a function of the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic features within its structure

Solubility

Used to describe the lipophilicity of a drug

Partition coefficient

Also known as hepatic metabolism, biotransformation, and detoxification

Metabolism

Breakdown of drug into smaller, more water-soluble compounds is called

Metabolites

The most important site for drug metabolism, well-perfused organ

Liver

Orally administered drugs that are absorbed into the bloodstream

First-pass effect (pre-systemic metabolism)

Also known as proagents, bio-reversible derivatives, congeners, and latentiated drugs

Prodrugs

A chemically modified inert precursor of the drug that, on biotransformation, liberates the pharmacologically active parent compound

Prodrugs

What phase of metabolism aims to increase polarity and promote excretion

Functionalization reaction

The most common and most important reactions

Functionalization reaction

Most common phase 1 reaction

Oxidation

CYP enzyme for paracetamol

CYP2A1

The most studied CYP enzyme

CYP2D6

most abundant CYP enzyme

CYP3A4

What phase 2 reaction causes gray baby syndrome

Glucuronidation

Most common phase 2 reaction for children

Sulfation

Designed to find relationships between chemical structure and biological activity of studied compounds

Structure-activity relationship (SAR)

Molecular framework defining the important or necessary components responsible for the biological activity of the compound

Pharmacophore

Groups that have nearly equal molecular shape and volume, approximately same distribution of electronm and has the same physiochemical properties

Bioisosterism

Replaces certain number of atoms, valency, degree of unsaturation, and aromaticity with its biological properties still the same

Classical bioiosteres

comprises groups which are structurally similar but DO NOT meet the steric and electric requirements

Non-classical bioiosteres

any ring system that are made up of carbon atoms and at least one othe element (sulfir, nitrogen, or oxygen)

Heterocyclic compound

Acetyl

Azo

Has an amino group attached to Nitrogen

Hydrazone

Nitroso

Nitro

Azido

Sulfoxide

Sulfonyl

"NOO"

Carbamate

"Non" has 2 amino group

Urea

"NNN"

Guanidine

Phenol

catechol

Resorcinol

Hydroquinone

Toluene

Aniline

Benzoic acid

Salicylic acid

Anisole

Cresol

Benzylaldehyde

Anthranilic acid

Naphthalene

Antracene

"bent"

Phenanthrene

"Aromatic"

Pyrrole

Non-aromatic

Pyrrolidine

p6

Pyran

Thiophene

Imidazole

Thiazole

"five-ran"

Furan

Piperidine

pyrazine

Pyridine

pyrimidine

Piperazine

Indoline

Indole

Purine

Quinoline

Isoquinoline

A core molecular framework that can bind to multiple biological targets

Privileged scaffold

A compound that kills (-cidal) or inhibits the growth (-static) of microbes when applied to living tissue

Antiseptic

destruction of a pathogen to an inanimate object

Disinfectant

MOA: protein denaturation

Alcohol

rendered unfit for drinking

Denatured alcohol

Used to sterilize heat-sensitive equipment

Ethylene oxide

Formalin, methanal; embalming fluid and disinfectant

Formaldehyde

Used to sterilize heat-sensitive equipment; used in medical mission in remote areas

Glutaraldehyde

alcohol that is suitable for surgical instrument

Isopropyl

External use alcohol

Ehyl alcohol

remains the standard to which the activity of most germicidal substances is compared

Phenol