AP human unit 6 quiz 2

Mr. White

Annexation

The process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory.

Central Business District(CBD)

commercial heart of a city.

Census Tracts

a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county that is used for the purpose of collecting and analyzing demographic data

Central city

An urban area is usually defined as a[ ] plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs.

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model)

developed by Ernest W. Burgess in 1925, which describes urban land use in a city as organized in concentric circles radiating out from the center. This model illustrates how different socio-economic groups occupy specific zones within a city, highlighting the relationship between social structure and urban development.

Council of government

A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local government in a metropolitan area in the United States

Density Gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

Edge Cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

Filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Galactic City model

Also called the peripheral model; a city with a central area surrounded by large suburban areas and edge cities connected by a beltway.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to be a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area

Green Belts

A ring of lang maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

An urbanized area of at least 50,000 people, the county it's in, and adjacent counties tied to it socially and economically.

Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration.

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman Model)

A model showing that a city develops around several independent centers (nuclei) rather than a single CBD, each specializing in a different activity.

Peripheral Model of Cities

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

Public Housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes

Public Transit

system of transportation that is available for use by the general public, typically comprising buses, trains, subways, and other forms of mass transit.

Redllining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

Sector Model (Hoyt MOdel)

A model of urban structure where the city develops in sectors or wedges radiating out from the CBD along transportation lines, rather than rings. Pie shaped

Smart Growth

A theory that concentrates growth in contact walk-able urban centers to avoid sprawl

Social Area Analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic backgrounds, and lifestyle live within an urban area

Squatter Settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally established residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Suburban Segregation

The pattern where suburbs become socially and economically uniform, separating residents by race or income.

Urban Renewal

The policy allowed governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums, which usually displaced the residents to low- income government housing complexes, and built new development projects.

Urban Sprawl

refers to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural land, resulting in low-density, car-dependent development patterns.

Zoning Ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community; an example is the American Planning Association

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and other stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting out migration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property.

Boomburbs

A large rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches population more typical of urban core cities.

Disamenity Zones/Sectors

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug Lords.

De facto Segregation

Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement ( not imposed by law)

Decentralization

The tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

Exurb (exurbanization)

Small communities lying beyond the surburbs of a city

Exurbanite

Person who left the inner city and moved to outlying surburban and rural areas.

Favelas (barrios)

A very poor and crowded area of a city in Brazil; slum area

Ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

Inner city decay/ urban decay

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of theses changes, the inner city loses its tax because and becomes a center of poverty.

Leap frog development

Development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area usually to take advantage of less expensive land.

megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since world war 2. All mega cities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

Megalopolis

Several metropolitan areas that were originally separate but have joined together to for a large sprawling urban complex.

Metactities

Introduced by the United nations to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the planet. Previously, the term megacity ad been the largest category of city, referring to any urban areas comprising more than 10 million people. With a number of cities, such as Mexico City, Tokyo, Lagos, breaking the ceiling of 20 million inhabitants. UN habitat chose to introduce a new ter.

New Urbanism

Counter to Urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

Node

Geographical centers of activity. Large cities (like Los Angeles) may have many nodes.

Segregation

The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.

Slow-growth cities

Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl.

Suburban Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Transportation-oriented development

A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport.

Urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

Walkability

Is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. ... Factors influencing walkability include the presence or absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of-way, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others.

World City

Centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Zones of abandonment

Areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons.

Zoning practices

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities can take place in certain areas. In the US, areas are mostly commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

African City Model

Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult. Often three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and sometimes periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted from curbside, stalls, or storefronts. Vertical development occurs in the colonial CBD, the traditional business center consists of one-story buildings, and the mark zone tends to be informal, yet still important. The neighborhoods are ethnic and mixed, often next to a mining and manufacturing zone. All of that is then ringed around by a zone characterized by squatter settlements and informal satellite townships.

Latin American city

Cities in Latin America that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the CBD, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.

Primate city

A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Southeast Asian City Model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.