chem eoye

solvation

substance with very different solubilities

separating funnel

immiscible liquid

Solvent Extraction

partially immiscible

Fractional Distillation

miscible liquid

Recrystallization

solute with different solubilities in a solvent at different temperatures

isoelectric

same electronic configuration but different element due to ion

isotopes

same element and atomic number but different mass number

Effective Nuclear Charge

down constant across increase

Atomic Radius

down increase across decrease

Ionic radius

cation smaller anion bigger

Ionization Energy

down decrease across increase

Electron Affinity

down decrease across increase

Electronegativity

down decrease across increase

Pauling Scale

non-polar covalent 0.4
polar covalent 0.5-1.7
ionic >1.8

Enthalpy

direct with ionic charge
inverse with ionic radius

linear

linear-180

trigonal planar

trigonal planar-120
bent<120

tetrahedral

tetrahedral-109.5
trigonal pyramidal-107
bent-104.5

trigonal bipyramidal

trigonal bipyramidal-90&120
seesaw
T-shape
linear

octahedral

octahedral-90
square pyramidal
square planar

Polyamides

carboxyl
amine
amide bond

Polyester

carboxyl
hydroxyl
ester bond

mass

mol x Mr

percentage by mass

Ar element / Mr x 100

molecular formula

m.formula / f.formula

mol

concentration x volume

volume

mol x molar volume

yield

e.yield / t.yield

atom economy

Mr desired product / Mr all reactants

PV = nRT

Pa
m3
K