science exam year 10 semester 1

Organelle

Specialised structures within a cell

DNA

Chemical molecule containing genetic information
Controls characteristics of an organism

Gamete

Cells used for reproduction

Gonad

Organ that produces gametes

Gene

single instruction for a cell

allele

different forms of the same gene

Nucleotide

Building blocks of DNA

Made up of phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

Homologous pair

a pair of chromosomes with the same type of gene

Chromosome

Structure of DNA and chromatin

chromatid

½ of a chromosome

Haploid

cell containing one chromosome of a homologous pair

diploid

a cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair

Mitosis

Cell reproduction where an identical copy of the cell is produced

growth and tissue repair

Meiosis

Cell reproduction where 4 daughter cells are produced, each having ½ of the parent cell’s DNA

gamete production

Genotype

Genetic information carried by an individual

Phenotype

visible characteristics of an individual

Fertilisation

when two gametes form a zygote

Reproduction

organism produces others of the same species to ensure it continues to survive

Ovaries

Produce eggs and female hormones

Fallopian tubes

transports egg to uterus

where fertilisation occurs

uterus

houses fetus during pregnancy

cervix

protective barrier to uterus

vagina

where sperm is deposited

birth canal

testes

produces sperm and male hormone

epididymus

stores sperm as it matures

vas deferens

transports sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicle

seminal vesicle and prostate gland

produces fluid with pH neutraliser and glucose that forms part of semen

urethra

carries semen and urine out of body

penis

external organ that urine and semen pass through

style

where pollen travels down to the egg

ovary

gonad that produces eggs

stigma

where pollen must attach to

ensures correct type of pollen is used

anther

male gonad that produces pollen

filament

positions anther where pollen will get picked up

mitochondria

produces energy through respiration

nucleus

contains DNA

ribosomes

used for protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum

connects nucleus to cell wall

used to transport materials

smooth ER has no ribosomes

rough ER has ribosomes to transport proteins

lysosomes

break down waste

intracellular digestive enzymes

cell membrane

controls what enters and exits the cell

cell wall

protects the cell

made of cellulose

golgi body

modify and package proteins

vacuole

stores water and minerals

centrioles

used in cell reproduction

chlorophyll

used in photosynthesis

Interphase

DNA and organelles replicate

Prophase

nuclear membrane disappears

centrioles move to opposite sides of cell

metaphase

chromosomes line up across equator

anaphase

chromatids split up and become chromosomes

telophase

nuclear membrane returns

periods

same number of electron shells

groups

same number of valence electrons

cation

positive charged ion

lost one electron

anion

negative charge ion

plus one electron

3d crystal lattice

anions and cations alternating

Ionic bonding

between metal and non-metal

donating electrons

ionic bonding properties

high melting point

brittle

conducts heat

covalent bonds

between non-metals

sharing electrons

covelent bonds properties

dull

not conductive

low melting point

waxy, soft

metallic bonds

sea of delocalised electrons

cations and electrons attract

all cations share the electrons

metallic bond properties

ductile, malleable

lustrous

high melting point

conductive

combination/synthesis

2 reactants to 1 product

decomposition

1 reactant to 2 products

double displacement

compounds switch ions, making new compounds

precipitate

form of double displacement

between solutions, forms a solid

redox

reduction and oxidisation

metal reduction/single displacement

metal is isolated

motion

movement of an object

scalar

a quantity with a number and a unit

vector

quantity with direction and magnitude

distance

total path of an object

displacement

shortest distance between start and end

speed

rate of change in distance

velocity

rate of change in displacement

acceleration

rate of change in velocity or speed