Alterations in Renal Function

Flashcards covering key concepts regarding alterations in renal function, urinary obstruction, renal calculi, urinary tract infections, glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury, and chronic renal failure.

Complete obstruction can lead to __________, resulting in decreased GFR and kidney damage.

hydronephrosis

Calcium stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (struvite), uric acid stones, and cystine stones are types of __________.

renal calculi

The most common type of renal stones is __________ stones.

Calcium stones (oxalate, phosphate or combo)

Recurrent flank pain from renal stones is often described as __________ pain due to its acute and rhythmic nature.

colicky

Clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTI) include frequency, dysuria, and __________.

lower back or abdominal discomfort

The entry of pathogens into the urinary system can occur through __________ routes.

ascending or bloodborne

Nephritic syndrome is associated with __________, red cell casts in urine, and decreased GFR.

hematuria

In nephrotic syndrome, one major clinical manifestation is __________ due to increased glomerular permeability.

massive proteinuria

Diabetes can lead to diabetic nephropathy, which results in __________ and chronic kidney disease.

glomerulosclerosis

Acute kidney injury can be classified into __________ causes, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

prerenal

Postrenal acute kidney injury occurs due to __________ obstruction of the urinary collecting system.

outflow

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by progressive loss of renal function and is not __________ like acute kidney injury.

reversible

The systemic effects of uremia can affect multiple body systems, including the __________ system, which may exhibit changes in alertness and neuropathy.

nervous

One of the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure is the risk for __________ due to anemia.

bleeding tendencies

Chronic kidney disease can lead to systemic effects such as __________, which includes symptoms like anorexia and nausea.

gastrointestinal disruption

Dialysis can be categorized into hemodialysis and __________ for patients with end-stage renal disease.

peritoneal dialysis

One common question regarding UTI risk is whether females or males are more susceptible; females are typically at __________ risk.

higher

To prevent urinary stasis and subsequent infection, it is important to maintain adequate __________ intake.

fluid