Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts from the psychology exam study guide, including definitions, associations, and examples related to stress, coping strategies, personality theories, psychological disorders, and mental health treatments.

Stress

Best defined as the body's reaction to changes that create taxing or harmful conditions.

Threat appraisal

A situation is evaluated as a threat during primary appraisal.

Coping appraisal

Evaluating whether you can handle a situation refers to secondary appraisal.

Chronic stress

Long-term, ongoing stress is known as chronic stress.

Burnout

Extreme exhaustion due to prolonged stress is called burnout.

Fight or flight response

The body’s automatic response to danger is known as the fight or flight response.

Physiological cost of stress

The physiological cost of stress refers to the physical symptoms and health effects caused by stress.

Psychosomatic illness

Physical illness caused or worsened by stress is known as psychosomatic illness.

Problem-focused coping

Taking action to solve the source of stress is an example of problem-focused coping.

Emotion-focused coping

Managing emotional responses to stress is known as emotion-focused coping.

Learned helplessness

A person who gives up after repeated failure is demonstrating learned helplessness.

Martin Seligman

Who is associated with learned helplessness? Martin Seligman.

Social support

Having support from others helps reduce stress.

Fundamental attribution error

Attributing someone’s behavior to their personality instead of the situation is known as fundamental attribution error.

Self-serving bias

Taking credit for success but blaming failure on external factors is called self-serving bias.

Conformity

A person agrees with a group to be liked or accepted. This is an example of conformity.

Informational social influence

A person changes their answer because others seem more knowledgeable. This is informational social influence.

Groupthink

A group makes a poor decision because no one speaks up. This is groupthink.

Social loafing

A group member does less work because others are present. This is social loafing.

Bystander effect

A person is less likely to help in a crowd. This is known as the bystander effect.

Deindividuation

Acting impulsively or aggressively in a crowd is called deindividuation.

Cognitive dissonance

Feeling discomfort after making a difficult decision is known as cognitive dissonance.

Dissonance

Holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors results in dissonance.

Effort justification

Valuing something more because of effort is called effort justification.

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward a group is called prejudice.

Stereotype

A belief about a group is known as a stereotype.

Discrimination

Negative actions toward a group are called discrimination.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

When expectations influence behavior and become true, this is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Confirmation bias

Only focusing on information that supports your beliefs is called confirmation bias.

In-group

A group you identify with is called an in-group.

Out-group

A group you do not belong to is called an out-group.

In-group bias

Favoring your own group is known as in-group bias.

Personality traits

Personality based on consistent characteristics is explained by personality traits.

Personality

Stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions are known as personality.

Five Factor Model

The five major personality traits are referred to as the Five Factor Model.

Interactionism

Behavior being influenced by both personality and situation is called interactionism.

Type A personality

A competitive, high-stress personality is known as Type A personality.

Type B personality

A relaxed, easygoing personality is known as Type B personality.

Costa and McCrae

Who developed the Big Five personality theory? Costa and McCrae.

Psychoanalysis

A therapy focused on uncovering unconscious thoughts is called psychoanalysis.

Psychodynamic theory

The idea that behavior is influenced by hidden inner conflicts is known as psychodynamic theory.

Id

The part of personality driven by instincts is the id.

Ego

The part of personality that deals with reality is the ego.

Superego

The part of personality focused on morality is the superego.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies used to reduce anxiety are called defense mechanisms.

Sigmund Freud

Who developed psychoanalysis? Sigmund Freud.

Anxiety disorder

A disorder involving excessive fear or anxiety is called an anxiety disorder.

Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation is known as a phobia.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder involving obsessions and compulsions is called Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Stress following a traumatic event is known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Bipolar disorder

A disorder involving extreme mood swings is called bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenia

A disorder involving hallucinations and disorganized thinking is called schizophrenia.

Talk therapy

Treatment of mental disorders through talking is called talk therapy.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Changing thoughts to change behavior is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Cognitive restructuring

Replacing negative thoughts with positive ones is called cognitive restructuring.

Exposure therapy

Directly facing a feared object or situation is called exposure therapy.

Systematic desensitization

Gradual exposure to fear with relaxation is known as systematic desensitization.

Humanistic therapy

A therapy focused on growth and self-concept is called humanistic therapy.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The manual used to diagnose mental disorders is called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Biopsychosocial model

Behavior being influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors is known as the biopsychosocial model.

Stigmatization

Negative labeling of individuals with mental illness is called stigmatization.

Sigmund Freud

Who is known for the unconscious mind and personality structure (id, ego, superego)? Sigmund Freud.

Abraham Maslow

Who developed the hierarchy of needs? Abraham Maslow.

Carl Rogers

Who focused on self-concept and the ideal vs real self? Carl Rogers.

Martin Seligman

Who is associated with learned helplessness and positive psychology? Martin Seligman.

Lazarus and Folkman

Who developed problem-focused and emotion-focused coping? Lazarus and Folkman.

Costa and McCrae

Who developed the Big Five personality traits? Costa and McCrae.