HBS Final

Axial Skeleton

Includes bones along the central axis of the body such as the sternum, ribs, and cervical vertebra.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes bones of the limbs and girdles, such as the tibia, clavicle, and humerus.

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right sections.

Filtration

The process by which the kidneys filter blood, removing excess wastes and fluids.

Reabsorption

The process by which the kidneys reclaim water and essential solutes from the filtrate back into the blood.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries in the kidney essential for the filtration of blood.

Red Blood Cells in Urine

Indicates bleeding in the urinary tract.

White Blood Cells in Urine

Suggest infection or inflammation.

Kidney

The organ responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Tricuspid Valve

One of the four valves of the heart, located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve

Valves that prevent backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

Mitral Valve

The valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Aortic Valve

The valve that controls blood flow from the heart to the aorta.

SA Node

Pacemaker of the heart, initiates the heartbeat.

AV Node

Delays the impulse to allow the ventricles to fill.

Intramedullary Nailing

A technique used for long bone fractures.

Fracture Plating

A technique used for fractures requiring precise alignment and stabilization.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Technique used to amplify DNA sequences.

Restriction Enzyme

Enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.

TaqI

A type of restriction enzyme used in molecular biology.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that decreases urine volume by increasing water reabsorption.

Spleen

Filters blood, recycles old red blood cells, stores white blood cells.

Cornea

Refracts light; outer layer of the eye.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina.

Dendrites

Receive signals from other neurons and convey this information to the cell body.

Axon

Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

Epinephrine

Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Multipolar Neurons

Neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites; most common type in the central nervous system.

Hinge Joint

Allows movement in one plane, such as the elbow or knee.

Ball and Socket Joint

Allows movement in multiple planes, such as the shoulder or hip.

Myofiber

A muscle cell.

Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of muscle fiber.

Actin

A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle contraction.

Myosin

A motor protein that binds to actin filaments and pulls them to cause muscle contraction.

Flexion

Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between two bones.

Extension

Straightening of a joint that increases the angle between two bones.