Evolution Unit - Honors Biology Grade 9

The primitive atmosphere most likely consisted of __________ ___________, ___________, and ___________.

water/vapor/nitrogen/co2

What is the theory of origin of life when a superior being made it?

creationism

What is the theory of origin of life when life was formed somewhere else and was brought to Earth (by an asteroid etc.)?

panspermia

What is the theory of origin of life called when life formed on Earth?

geogenesis

What are spherical droplets of organic molecules called?

coacervates

Who was geogenesis first proposed by?

Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin

What did Oparin say ocean were?

hot

Oparin theorized that _________ from _________ and __________ caused _________ from the _________ to combine and form organisms.

energy/lightning/sun/gases/atmosphere

What is it called when hot oceans and energy caused gases to make organisms?

primordial soup

Who proved Oparin first?

Harold Urey and Stanley Miller

Who’s experiment created proteinoids?

Sydney Fox

What was the precursor to the first cell?

protocells

What do protocells have?

lipid-protein membrane

Protocells make ________ of ________which are the true ________.

copies/itself/cells

Who was first to discover evolution?

Charles Darwin

What is the process of change in organisms over time?

evolution

Who studied uniformatarianism?

Charles Lyell and James Hutton

What is the study of long term geological processes (tectonic plates)?

uniformatarianism

Who studied species extinction?

Georges Cuvier

Extinction has opened ________in hierarchy allowing _________ to __________.

niches/organisms/evolve

Who was an economist who studied the struggle for existence?

Thomas Malthus

Who was a french scientist who had the wrong idea of evolution and studied evolution by acquired characteristics?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Who was the young scientist who drew the same conclusions as Darwin?

Alfred Russel Wallace

Who’s work supported Darwin’s work the most?

Mendel

What is another word of Theory of Evolution?

Modern Synthesis

What are preserved remains of organisms?

fossils

What is the use of positioning of layers of rock to figure out the age of a fossil?

relative dating

What type of rock is used for relative dating?

sedimentary

What are uncosolidated parts of rocks and minerals called?

sediment

What are ancient layers of sedimentary rock called?

stratum

What is the way of telling age of fossils when the amount of radioactivity in carbon is calculated?

carbon dating/radioactive dating

What are structures that are derived from a common ancestor, but look different, are derived from the same body part?

homologous structures

What structures that serve identical functions and look similar but its origin is different and develop differently?

analogous features

What are the structures with no apparent function that resembles the structures their ancestors could have had?

vestigial structures

What are the structures with similarities that show during development that show the descent from a common ancestor?

embryological similarities

What is the study of embryological similarities?

comparative embryology

What is a diagram that shows relativeness between organisms (compares embryos/DNA)?

cladogram

What is the change in gene pool and leads to variation (color, patterns)?

microevolution

Is microevolution slow or fast?

short

What are the changes that are significant and beneficial and that are passed on and that make entirely new species in the future?

macroevolution

Is macroevolution slow or fast?

fast

Four types of macroevolution are m__________, g_________ f_________, __g________ d__________, n__*______*__ *s*__*_____*__*.*

mutations/gene/flow/genetic/drift/natural/selection

What type of macroevolution is the change in DNA sequence?

mutation

What type of macroevolution is a fast change based on the environment and is similar to natural selection but faster?

gene drift

What is the example of gene drift that even though numbers may increase the variation takes longer to restore?

bottlenecks

What is the example of gene drift that when new colony is started by few members of original population which leads to reduced genetics variation from original population?

founder effect

What is the type of macroevolution that is any movement of individuals and genetic material from one population to another that is important for the genetic variation and gives the population a larger chance to survive?

gene flow

What is the type of macroevolution that is the process in which some individuals have traits that improve survival or reproduction?

natural selection

The three types of natural selection are s___________ selection, d__________ selection, and d___________ selection?

stabilizing/disruptive/directional

What is the type of natural selection that keeps the population stable and lets the heterozygous survive?

stabilizing selection

What is the type of natural selection that splits the population in two (new species) and makes the heterozygous die?

disruptive selection

What is the type of natural selection that reduces variation and favors one type of homozygous?

directional selection

What type of evolution is related to homologous structures?

divergent

What type of evolution is it when species develop in different environments and end up looking differently?

divergent

What is it when one species gives rise to many?

adaptive radiation

What type of evolution is related to analogous structures?

convergent

What is the type of evolution is it when independent development of similar structure occurs in unrelated organisms?

convergent

What type of evolution is it when organisms live in similar environments?

convergent

What type of evolution is it when species separated geographically, but in same environment evolve in a similar manner?

parallel

What type of evolution happens between 2 codependant species?

coevolution

What type of evolution happens when one species changes and so the other one is also affected?

coevolution

What type of evolution causes natural selection?

coevolution

What is movement of populations?

migration

What permits gene flow?

migration

What is it called when individuals leave a population?

emigration

What is it called when individuals enter a population?

immigration

The two theories of rates of evolution are ___________ __________ and ___________.

punctuated/equilibrium/gradualism

Does punctuated equilibrium state that evolutions happens slow or fast?

fast

What is it called when population remains constant during speciation events?

stasis

Punctuated equilibrium states that _____________ changes genetics through __________ __________.__

catastrophy/natural/selection

What kind of species does punctuated equilibrium involve?

unstable species

At what rate does gradualism occur?

constant

Does gradualism happen slow or fast?

slow

During gradualism new species evolve __________ from _________ species.

gradually/ancestral

What species does gradualism involve?

stable species

What is a group of individuals that interbreed in nature?

species

What are all genes in a population?

gene pool

What is a lineage-splitting event that produces 2 or more separate species?

speciation

What cause of speciation includes extrinsic factors that cause species to not be able to interbreed due to physical barriers?

geographic isolation

What are outside influences called?

extrinsic factors

What cause of speciation doesn’t involve a physical barrier and involves internal factors?

sympatric speciation

The two types of sympatric speciation are __________ and __________.

prezygotic/postzygotic

What prezygotic isolation mechanism involves different habitats and the organisms don’t meet?

ecological isolation

What prezygotic isolation mechanism involves organisms that breed a different times because they are awake at night v.s. day?

temporal isolation

What prezygotic isolation mechanism that involves organisms that are not attracted to each other?

behavioral isolation

What prezygotic isolation mechanism that involves organisms being not compatible?

mechanical isolation

What prezygotic isolation mechanism that involves zygotes not fusing properly?

gametic isolation

What postzygotic isolation mechanism involves zygote proceeding abnormally and it not being born?

hybrid inviability

What postzygotic isolation mechanism involves a hybrid being healthy but sterile?

hybrid sterility

What postzygotic isolation mechanism involves a healthy hybrid that is fertile but infertility occurs in later generations?

hyprid collapse

What is squential?

anagenesis

What is branching?

cladogenesis

In sequential → anagenesis a population develops new characteristics within _________ __________.

one/lineage

In branching → cladogenesis the __________ of species into _________ or more groups occurs and they evolve ___________.

splitting/2/differently

What is the equation for allele frequency?

(number of specific allele/number of all alleles)100

During equilibrium there are no m__________, n__________ s_____________, e___________ or i____________, or g____________ d__________.

mutations/natural/selection/emigration/immigration/genetic/drift

During equilibrium the population is l________,__ e__________ g_________ f__________ and r__________ m___________ should be present.

large/equal/gene/flow/random/mating

What is another name for genetic equilibrium?

hardy weinberg equilibrium