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Ancient North American geological core

Canadian Shield

Major Andean empire conquered by Spain

Incas

Major Mexican empire conquered by Cortés

Aztecs

Large Mississippian city near modern St. Louis

Cahokia

Corn, beans, and squash farming

Three-sister farming

Small fast Portuguese sailing ship

Caravel

Large-scale cash crop estate

Plantation

Transfer of plants, animals, disease, and people

Columbian Exchange

Spain and Portugal divided New World claims

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish forced Native labor system

Encomienda

Aztec revolt forcing Spanish retreat

Noche Triste

Mixed Spanish and Native ancestry

Mestizos

Spanish conquerors

Conquistadores

Spanish massacre of Pueblo people

Battle of Acoma

Native revolt against Spanish rule

Pueblo Revolt

Anti-Spanish image of cruelty

Black Legend

Critic of Spanish cruelty toward Native Americans

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Conqueror of the Aztecs

Hernán Cortés

Conqueror of the Incas

Francisco Pizarro

Interpreter and ally of Cortés

Malinche

Aztec ruler when Cortés arrived

Moctezuma

English name of Giovanni Caboto

John Cabot

French explorer of Mississippi region

Robert de La Salle

Catholic minority group in France

Huguenots

French law granting toleration to Huguenots

Edict of Nantes

French fur traders in North America

Coureurs de bois

French canoe traders

Voyageurs

Religious split weakening Catholic unity

Protestant Reformation

Lost English colony

Roanoke Island

Defeated Spanish fleet in 1588

Spanish Armada

Inheritance by eldest son

Primogeniture

Business company with shared investors

Joint-stock company

Company that founded Jamestown

Virginia Company

Legal document granting colony rights

Charter

First permanent English settlement

Jamestown

First Anglo-Powhatan conflict

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Second Anglo-Powhatan conflict ending Native power near Virginia

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Dutch colony in New York region

New Netherland

Powerful Native alliance in Northeast

Iroquois Confederacy

Jamestown leader who enforced discipline

Captain John Smith

Virginia tobacco planter linked to Pocahontas

John Rolfe

Powhatan woman associated with Jamestown diplomacy

Pocahontas

First representative assembly in Virginia

House of Burgesses

Maryland religious toleration for Christians

Act of Toleration

Slave law model from Caribbean

Barbados Slave Code

English conflict between king and Parliament

English Civil War

Frontier settlers without legal land title

Squatters

Georgia’s purpose between South Carolina and Spanish Florida

Buffer

Belief system of Puritans

Calvinism

Belief that God already chose the saved

Predestination

Intense religious experience of salvation

Conversion

English Calvinists wanting to purify church

Puritans

Puritans who wanted to leave Church of England

Separatists

Pilgrim self-government agreement

Mayflower Compact

Major Puritan colony in New England

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan migration to New England

Great English Migration

Anne Hutchinson’s challenged doctrine

Antinomianism

Early Connecticut constitution

Fundamental Orders

War between Puritans and Pequot people

Pequot War

Metacom’s war against New England colonists

King Philip’s War

Colonial defense alliance in New England

New England Confederation

British mercantilist trade laws

Navigation Laws

James II’s centralized New England government

Dominion of New England

Overthrow of James II

Glorious Revolution

Loose enforcement of colonial trade laws

Salutary Neglect

Religious group associated with Pennsylvania

Quakers

Strict colonial moral laws

Blue Laws

Founder of Maryland

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Georgia

James Oglethorpe

Puritan leader and “city upon a hill” figure

John Winthrop

Religious dissenter banished from Massachusetts

Roger Williams

Founder of Pennsylvania

William Penn

Temporary labor contracts in colonies

Indentured servants

Land grants for paying immigrant passage

Headright system

1676 frontier rebellion in Virginia

Bacon’s Rebellion

English company involved in slave trade

Royal African Company

Atlantic journey of enslaved Africans

Middle Passage

Laws controlling enslaved people

Slave Codes

Main Puritan church in New England

Congregational Church

Puritan sermon warning of decline

Jeremiad

Partial church membership for children of members

Half-Way Covenant

1692 witchcraft panic

Salem Witch Trials

New York rebellion after Glorious Revolution

Leisler’s Rebellion

Frontier revolt in Pennsylvania

Paxton Boys

Backcountry protest movement in Carolinas

Regulator Movement

Major slave revolt in South Carolina

Stono Rebellion

Three-part Atlantic trade network

Triangular Trade

Tax on imported molasses

Molasses Act

Belief opposing strict predestination

Arminianism

Religious revival of 1730s–1740s

Great Awakening

Traditional clergy opposing revivalism

Old Lights

Revivalist supporters

New Lights

Benjamin Franklin’s famous almanac

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Press freedom trial

Zenger Trial

Colonies controlled directly by crown

Royal Colonies

Colonies granted to individuals or groups

Proprietary Colonies

Great Awakening preacher famous for emotional sermons

George Whitefield

Great Awakening preacher of “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Jonathan Edwards

Publisher tried for libel in press freedom case

John Peter Zenger