Absolute location
Mathematical description by longitude and latitude
Accessibility
Ease of interaction between locations
Arial Photography
Professional images captured from planes
Built environment
Human-made structures and landscapes
Connectivity
Degree of connection between locations
Cultural ecology
Study of human adaptation to the environment
Density
Quantity in a defined area
Distance Decay
Inverse relationship between distance and connection
Distance
Measurement of separation between places
Distribution
Spread of a phenomenon over an area
Environmental determinism
Belief in landforms and climate shaping human behavior
Equator
Line separating earth's hemispheres
Field observation
Physical visit to a location
Friction of distance
Decreased connection with increased distance
Ghost Town
Abandoned settlement
Human geography
Study of human-made environment
Human-Environment Interaction
Exchange between humans and nature
International date line
Follows prime meridian, adjusts for boundaries
Landscape analysis
Defining and describing landscapes
Latitude
Horizontal lines on the globe
Longitude
Vertical lines on the globe
Place
Distinct characteristics of a location
Possibilism
Acknowledges environmental limits, focuses on human role
Prime Meridian
Greenwich Mean Time, separates hemispheres
Proximity
Degree of nearness
Region
Distinct areas on earth's surface
Relative Location
Description in relation to another place
Sense of place
Related to the concept of a location
Site
Immediate location characteristics
Situation
Location relative to surroundings and other places
Spatial Association
Matching distribution patterns
Spatial approach
Considers arrangement of phenomena on earth's surface
Spatial data
Information tied to specific locations
Spatial interaction
Contact and flow between locations
Time-space compression
Shrinking time distance due to better transportation
Toponyms
Place names
Physical geography
Study of the natural environment
Area
Defined by one predominant characteristic throughout an entire space
Cartogram
Sizes of units shown based on a specific statistic
Cartographic scale
How a map communicates the ratio it represents
Choropleth maps
Use colors to show spatial data distribution
Conic projection
Earth area projected onto a cone
Dot distribution maps
Show specific location and distribution across a map
Fieldwork
Data observed and recorded on location
Functional regions
Organized around a focal point and defined by activity
Geographic models
Representations to understand spatial patterns
Geographic scale
Amount of territory represented by a map
Graduated symbol maps
Use symbols of different sizes to indicate amounts
Homogenous regions
Demarcated based on internal uniformity
Isoline maps
Use lines to connect points of equal value
Locator maps
Illustrations showing specific locations
Map projection
Process of showing a curved surface on a flat surface
Mental maps
Maps created in people's minds
Mercator map projection
Cylindrical projection representing north as up
Nodal regions
Demarcated based on internal uniformity
Nonspatial models
Illustrate theories using words, graphs, or tables
Patterns
General arrangements of studied things
Perceptual regions
Defined by the informal sense of a place
Peters projection
Correct area proportions with distorted shapes
Physical maps
Shows human-created boundaries and designations
Plat maps
Shows property lines and land ownership details
Political maps
Shows human-created boundaries and designations
Process
Repeated sequences of events
Qualitative data
Not represented by numbers, focuses on quality
Quantitative data
Measured and recorded using numbers, focuses on quantity
Reference maps
Used for referencing locations and information
Regionalization
Separating regions into smaller portions
Relative scale
Geographic scale comparison
Road maps
Shows and labels roads, highways, etc.
Robinson projection
Shows the entire world at once
Scale of data
Provides more information than cartographic scale
Scale
Ratio between real-life size and map size
Spatial models
Illustrate theories about spatial distributions
Subregions
Divided smaller areas within regions
Thematic maps
Show spatial aspects of a phenomenon
Topographic maps
Contours depict surface features and elevation
Uniform regions
Area with one predominant characteristic throughout
Vernacular regions
Regions defined by people's informal sense of place
Age-sex composition
Population pyramid based on age and gender
Agricultural population density
Ratio of farmers to arable land area
Arable land
Land suitable for crop cultivation
Arithmetic population density
Population divided by total area
Baby boom
Period of high birth rates
Baby bust
Decline in births after a baby boom
Birth deficit
Reduction in birth rates
Carrying capacity
Max population sustainable without harm
Cohort
Age groups in population pyramids
Dependency ratio
Comparison of working to non-working population
Dependent workforce
Non-working population segments
Echo
Population increase after a baby boom
Midlatitudes
Regions between 30°-60° N and 30°-60° S
Overpopulation
Exceeding sustainable population levels
Physiological population density
Population divided by arable land area
Population distribution
Human settlement pattern
Population pyramid
Graph showing age-sex composition
Potential workforce
Expected working-age population
Redistricting
Change in urban and rural district sizes
Social stratification
Grouping based on status and power
Population density
A measure of the average population per square mile/kilometer of an area