functional anatomy final exam

what are the two parts of the skull?

cranial skeleton & facial skeleton

what bones make up the cranial skeleotn?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

what bones make up the facial skeleton?

lacrimal, nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal conchae, mandible, vomer

list the landmarks you need to know for the temporal bone

mastoid process, external auditory meatus, zygomatic protuberance

list the landmarks you need to know for the occipital bone

external occipital protuberance, nuchal lines

what is the purpose of the foramen magnum?

passageway from skull to spinal column

what is the foramen magnum located?

base of skull

what is the shape of the sphenoid bone?

bat or butterfly

what is the smallest bone in the face?

lacrimal

what bones are also known as the “cheek bones”?

zygomatic

which bone is also known as the “jaw bone”?

mandible

what is the only voluntarily moveable joint in the skull?

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

what motions are available at the temporomandibular joint?

• elevation/depression

• protrusion/retrusion

  • lateral excursion

do you need to know the names for the muscles of expression for this class?

no

which 2 muscles elevate the mandible?

massester & temporalis

which 2 muscles protrude the mandible?

medial & lateral pterygoid muscle

what does SCALP stand for?

Skin

Connective Tissue

Aponeurosis

Loose Connective Tissue

Pericranium

what does the “S” in SCALP mean?

skin

what does the “C” in SCALP mean?

connective tissue

what does the “A” in SCALP mean?

aponeurosis

what does the “L” in SCALP mean?

loose connective tissue

what does the “P” in SCALP mean?

pericranium

what is the function of the meninges?

surround + protect brain & spinal cord

do you need to know the location AND function for each part of the brain for the test?

YES

describe where the cerebrum is located and what is does

most superior portion of the brain & largest

controls conscious thought, decision making, activities like speaking, sensory perception, memory

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

conscious control of skeletal muscles, planning behavior, language production (motor)

what is the functional of the parietal lobe?

conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste; spatial orientation; language comprehension (sensory)

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

perception of visual stimuli

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

perception of auditory + olfactory stimulo

what does the corpus collasum do?

connects R + L hemispheres of cerebrum

where is the cerebellum located?

inferior & posterior to cerebellum

what does the cerebellum do?

fine tunes- body movement (balance, coordination)

where is the diencephalon located?

centrally

what does the diencephalon do?

relays sensory information, controls autonomic functions + hormone regulatoin

where is the brainstem located?

inferiorly

what does the brainstem do?

autonomic control of respiration, heart rate

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

what does the midbrain do?

vision, hearing, motor control, alertness, thermoregulation

what does the pons do?

carries signal between spinal cord + brain

responsible for breathing rhythms

what does the medulla oblongata do?

controls involuntary functions, heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing

how many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs (24 total)

what are the 3 types of cranial nerve?

motor, sensory, mixed

what is a mnemonic you can use to know the order of the cranial nerves?

On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Fine Vested German Viewed Some Hops

what is a mnemonic you can use to know what the nerve type is?

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

I

olfactory

II

optic

III

oculomotor

IV

trochlear

V

trigeminal

VI

abducens

VII

facial

VIII

vestibulocochlear

IX

glossopharyngeal

X

vagus

XI

accessory

XII

hypoglossal

sensory, motor, or both?

olfactory

sensory

sensory, motor, or both?

optic

sensory

sensory, motor, or both?

oculomotor

motor

sensory, motor, or both?

trochlear

motor

sensory, motor, or both?

trigeminal

both

sensory, motor, or both?

abducens

motor

sensory, motor, or both?

facial

both

sensory, motor, or both?

vestibulocochlear

sensory

sensory, motor, or both?

glossopharyngeal

both

sensory, motor, or both?

vagus

both

sensory, motor, or both?

accessory

motor

sensory, motor, or both?

hypoglossal

motor

olfactory nerve function

smell

optic nerve function

vision

oculomotor nerve function

eye movement pupil reaction

trochlear nerve function

eye movements (depression, adduction)

trigeminal nerve function

facial sensation, mastication

abducens nerve function

abducts eye

facial nerve function

facial expression, taste

vestibulocochlear nerve function

hearing, balance

glossopharyngeal nerve function

taste, speech

vagus nerve function

taste, speech, visceral

accessory nerve function

shoulder shrug

hypoglossal nerve function

swallowing, speech

how many vertebrae are located in each region?

cervical: 7

thoracic: 12

lumbar: 5

how many vertebrae are located in the cervical region?

7

how many vertebrae are located in the thoracic region?

12

how many vertebrae are located in the lumbar region?

5

what landmaarks are found on the typical vertebrae?

body, foramen, arch, lamina, pedicle, transverse process, spinous process, articular process

which part of the vertebra is the thickest that also bears weight?

body

what is the vertebral foramen?

space between vertebral body + arch

intervertebral foramen

between 2 vertebrae

vertebral foramen

single vertebra

what 5 structures are part of the vertebral arch?

pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch, transverse process, spinous process

where is the pedicle located?

between vertebral body and transverse process

what structure is descrive as concavities above and below the pedicles?

vertebral notches

which process projects to either side where the lamina joins the pedicle?

transverse

how many articular processes are located on each vertebra? where are they located?

4-2 superior (R/L), 2 inferior (R/L)

what is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen?

allows spinal nerve roots to exit vertebral column

describe unique features of each of the various cervical vertebrae

C1- atlas, no spinous process or body

C2- axis, articulates with C1 dens

C7- easy to palpate spinous process

C1, C2, or C7?

atlas; no spinous process or body

C1

C1, C2, or C7?

axis; articulates with C1, dens

C2

C1, C2, or C7?

easy to palpate spinous process

C7

what is the purpose of the dens on C2 (axis)?

allows C1/C2 to pivot since it lies posterior to anterior portion of C1 foramen