Basic Instrumentation Lab Finals (Theoretical)

Error Signal

is to provide a measurable value representing the difference between the desired target value and the actual condition of the system.

14 mm

0.32 mm

14.32 mm

Main Scale:

Vernier Scale:
Measurement:

23 mm

0.64 mm

23.64 mm

Main Scale:

Vernier Scale:
Measurement:

70 mm

0.72 mm

70.72 mm

Main Scale:

Vernier Scale:
Measurement:

117 mm

0.16 mm

117.16 mm

Main Scale:

Vernier Scale:
Measurement:

3.5 mm

0 mm

3.5 mm

Sleeve:

Thimble:

Measurement:

4.0 mm

0.20 mm

4.20 mm

Sleeve:

Thimble:

Measurement:

4.5 mm

0.45 mm

4.95 mm

Sleeve:

Thimble:

Measurement:

I/P Transducer

Air pressure required to motivate a pneumatic actuator may come directly from the output of a pneumatic process controller, or from a signal transducer (or converter ) translating an electrical signal into an air pressure signal.

Pulse Flow Transmitter

measures the flow rate by generating electrical pulses proportional to the fluid velocity.

Variable Area flowmeter

commonly known as a rotameter, operates on the principle of a float suspended in a tapered tube.

Pulse Generation

As the fluid flows through the meter, it interacts with a sensor or mechanism inside the meter that generates electrical pulses.

Pulse Counting

The pulses generated are counted over a specific period of time. The frequency of these pulses is directly related to the flow rate of the fluid.

Output Display

The flow meter usually has an output interface, such as a digital display or a signal output (e.g., pulse output, analog output), which provides the measured flow rate information to a control system or data logging device.

Pulse Flow Meters

are commonly used in various industries and applications where accurate flow rate measurement is crucial, such as in water treatment plants, industrial processes, HVAC systems, and automotive applications

Electrical Pulse Generation

Main principle behind a pulse flow meter

‏D

Which of the following factors can affect the accuracy of a pulse flow meter?

A) Fluid viscosity

B) Pipe material

C) Ambient temperature

D) All of the above

D

In which industries are pulse flow meters commonly used?

A) Healthcare

B) Automotive

C) Agriculture

D) Water treatment

B

How does a pulse flow meter typically output measurement data?

A) Analog display

B) Digital display

C) Sound signal

D) Pressure reading

C

What type of flow can pulse flow meters measure?

A) Only liquid flow

B) Only gas flow

C) Both liquid and gas flow

D) Neither liquid nor gas

flow

D

What is the primary principle of operation for Variable Area Flowmeters?

A) Electromagnetic induction

B) Bernoulli's equation

C) Rotational motion

D) Differential pressure

B

Which of the following is a common application for Variable Area Flowmeters?

A) High-pressure steam measurement

B) Wastewater flow measurement

C) Gas

chromatography

D) Liquid nitrogen flow measurement

A

a Variable Area Flowmeter, what happens to the flow area as the flow rate increases?

A) Increases

B) Decreases

C) Remains constant

D) Fluctuates randomly

A

Which type of fluid flow is typically measured using a Variable Area Flowmeter?

A) Laminar flow

B) Turbulent flow

C) Transitional flow

D) Pulsatile flow

C

What is the advantage of using a Variable Area Flowmeter compared to other flow

measurement devices?

A) High accuracy

B) Suitable for wide range of fluids

C) Low cost

D) Digital output for easy integration

Resistance Temperature Detectors and Thermocouples

which measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance

Thermistors

are devices made of metal oxide that either increase in resistance with increasing temperature PTC (a positive temperature coefficient) or decrease in resistance with increasing temperature NTC (a negative temperature coefficient

thermocouple

is a temperature measuring device

thermocouple

consists of two dissimilar metals welded together at one end.

Unsheathed tip

used for maximum sensitivity and fastest response, the dissimilar-metal junction may be unsheathed (bare).

Sheathed Tips

are typical for industrial applications, available in either grounded or

ungrounded forms.

Open Circuit Voltage

When there is no external load connected to the panel, the output current is zero.

Short Circuit Current

When the panel's terminals are shorted together, the output voltage is zero.

Maximum Power Point

The maximum power point is the optimal operating point for a PV panel to extract the maximum power from sunlight.

Fill Factor

The fill factor is a measure of how effectively the panel converts sunlight into electrical power.

Sensors

are used to detect physical quantities and convert them into electrical signals.

Water Level Sensor

Measures the level of water by detecting electrical conductivity changes as water covers sensor tracks.

Soil Moisture Sensor

Detects the volumetric water content in soil to aid irrigation and agricultural practices.

Sound Sensor

Converts sound waves into electrical signals, useful for noise monitoring and audio detection.

Tilt Sensor

Detects the orientation or tilt of an object, commonly used in safety and motion detection.

IR Speed Sensor

Uses infrared light reflection to detect motion or rotational speed.

Soil moisture sensor

is used to measure the volumetric concentration of water inside the soil.

Sound sensor

is a simple, easy-to-use, and low-cost device that is used to detect sound waves traveling through the air.

Tilt sensor

is many times referred to as inclinometer, tilt switch or rolling ball sensor.

B

What happens to the water level sensor output when water level increases?

a) Decreases

b) Increases

c) Remains constant

d) Becomes zero

A

Which condition gives the highest soil moisture sensor reading?

a) Dry soil

b) Wet soil

c) No soil

d) Heated soil

B

What is the main output change observed in the tilt sensor?

a) Voltage changes with sound

b) Switch changes state when tilted

c) Current increases with heat

d) Light intensity changes

B

The IR sensor mainly detects:

a) Temperature

b) Light reflection / object presence

c) Soil moisture

d) Pressure

B

All sensors in this lab mainly convert:

a) Mechanical energy to heat

b) Physical quantity to electrical signal

c) Electrical signal to light

d) Heat to motion

Light Dependent Resistor

also known as a photoresistor, is a type of semiconductor device that changes its resistance in response to changes in the intensity of incident light.

excite these charge carriers

When light hits the LDR, photons ___________________.

Wheatstone bridge

is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component.

higher accuracy level

The Wheatstone Bridge is specifically designed for measuring unknown resistance or detecting small changes in resistance. It offers a _____________ than a simple voltage divider circuit.

Pressure Calibrator

is a high-precision pressure measuring device capable of verifying (or calibrating) the pressure reading of another pressure measuring instrument.