AP Human Geography Unit 7

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key terms and concepts from AP Human Geography Unit 7.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Assembly Line

A production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.

Fordism

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Post-Fordism

Increased automation on the assembly line requires workers who are not replaced to perform many jobs.

Primary Sector

The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment.

Secondary Sector

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.

Tertiary Sector

The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods.

Quaternary Sector

Consists of information workers including information technology and scientific research.

Quinary Sector

Includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.

Multiplier Effect

The potential for jobs to produce additional jobs; secondary sector has the greatest multiplier effect.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Just-in-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Offshoring

Moving production or support processes to foreign countries.

Agglomeration Economies

The benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each other.

Complementarity

When two regions, through an exchange of commodities, can specifically satisfy each other's demands.

Newly Industrialized Countries

A country that is undergoing or has recently undergone rapid industrialization and economic growth.

Least Cost Theory (Weber)

The definition focuses on minimizing costs of transport, labor, and agglomeration.

Transnational Corporations

Corporations that operate worldwide.

New International Division of Labor

A recent phenomenon where the production process transcends international boundaries.

Maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials into finished goods for export.

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

Provides corporations with low taxes and less strict labor laws.

Postindustrial Economy

An economy that emphasizes services and technology rather than industry and manufacturing.

Brownfields

Property where reuse is complicated by the presence of hazardous substances from prior use.

Rust Belt

The north central and northeastern states where major manufacturing centers were once dominant.

Outsourcing

Removes work from one company and sends it to another company.

Gross National Product (GNP) per capita

The total value of all goods and services produced by a state in a single year per person.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

The total value of a state's goods and services produced inside of the country divided by its population.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Measures the total annual income received by residents of a nation divided by its population.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country.

Gini Index

A mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society.

Gender Gap

The discrepancy in opportunities, status, attitudes, etc., between men and women.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A means of measuring the differences in achievements between men and women.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A measurement held by the UN that calculates the level of development in terms of human welfare.

Rostow's Stages of Growth Model

A model of economic development proposing that all countries pursue development but at different paces.

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Suggests MDCs keep LDCs poor to maintain power and wealth.

Dependency Model

The idea that countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system.

Core-Periphery Model

Classifies countries as core, semiperiphery, and periphery based on economic advantages.

Sustainable Development

Conducting business in a way that protects the natural environment while making economic progress.

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)

Groups not affiliated with any government, concerned about social movements.

Technopoles

Centers of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry.

Microloans

Very small, often short-term loans made to underdeveloped countries.

Ecotourism

The practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment.