PY exam 3

Human Development

The study of conception to death, covering the entire lifespan.

Longitudinal Design

Research design that takes a long time, studying the same group over an extended period.

Cross Sectional Design

Research design that collects data from multiple groups of people at one time.

Nature

The genetic material inherited from one's family.

Nurture

The environmental factors that influence an individual's development.

Behavioral Genetics

The study of how much of each trait is inherited.

Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins formed from one zygote.

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal twins formed from two separate zygotes.

Germinal Stage

The stage of development from conception to implantation.(zygote)

Embryonic Stage

The stage of development where the embryo is formed.

Teratogens

Substances that negatively influence fetal development, e.g., alcohol, cocaine.

Assimilation

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas (e.g., calling a cow a dog).

Accommodation

The process of modifying schemas in response to new information.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.

Egocentrism/Pre-operational Stage

A stage where children see the world only from their own perspective.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not independently.

Scaffolding

Support provided by a skilled learner that decreases over time.

Preconventional Morality

Morality based on the consequences of actions (avoiding trouble).

Conventional Morality

Morality based on social norms and rules (right and wrong according to society).

Postconventional Morality

Morality based on individual judgment of right and wrong.

Temperament

Behavioral characteristics that are relatively stable over time.

Attachment

The bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.

Stranger Anxiety

The fear or nervousness exhibited by infants in the presence of unfamiliar people.

Separation Anxiety

The fear of being separated from the primary caregiver.

Secure Attachment

A relationship style where the child is upset upon separation but happy when reunited.

Authoritative Parenting

Strict parenting with high demands and limited emotional support.

Authoritarian Parenting

Balanced parenting with reasonable demands and responsiveness.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style with few limits or restrictions on the child.

Uninvolved Parenting

A neglectful style where parents are detached from their child's life.

Adolescence

The developmental period between puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities.

Puberty

The period of development marked by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics.

Imaginary Audience

The belief that others are constantly watching or judging oneself.

Personal Fable

A form of egocentrism where individuals believe their experiences are unique.

Ego Identity

A firm sense of self and one's value system.

Emerging Adulthood

The transitional phase between adolescence and full adult independence.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge accumulated over time that remains stable.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to process information and solve novel problems.

Sandwich Generation

Individuals caring for both their children and aging parents.

Personality

Relatively stable characteristics that influence behavior.

Trait Perspective

The approach that focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality traits.

Reciprocal Determinism

The influence of behavior, environment, and personal factors on each other.

Locus of Control

The degree to which individuals believe they have control over their life events.

Self Concept

How one perceives themselves and their abilities.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting and valuing a person regardless of their actions.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Stressors

Events that cause a stress reaction, which can be positive or negative.

Eustress

Positive stress that can motivate or energize a person.

Distress

Negative stress that can be harmful or overwhelming.

Coping

Strategies to manage stress, including problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.

Resilience

The ability to withstand or recover from stress.

Biopsychosocial Model

A model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding stress.

Active Coping

Efforts to change or remove stressors.

Personality Inventory

Measures traits through standardized questions, often with forced-choice responses. (yes or no)

Genetics

Study of inherited traits

XX and XY

different sex organs

female is XX

male is XY

Concrete/subjective moral reasoning

capacity for adult logic. own set of value begin to emerge

easy temperament

regular and adaptable

difficult temperament

irregular, irritable, non adaptable

slow to warm up temperament

need to adjust gradually to change

formal operational stage

the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and solve problems using hypothetical-deductive reasoning: 

cognitive development

thoughts emotions and feelings

Stages of developement

Emerging

Early adulthood

Middle adulthood

Late adulthood

Successful aging

maximizing life experiences-optimizing health and social connections

Psychodynamic

personality is driven by subconscious

Trait perspective

a personality theory that assumes personality is made up of basic behavioral tendencies, or traits

OCEAN/Big 5

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Openness

A person's curiosity and willingness to try new things

Conscientious

A person's sense of responsibility and orderliness

Extraversion

A person's energy and sociability

Agreeablness

A person's friendliness and cooperativeness 

Neuroticism

A person's sensitivity and emotional stability

Learning theory

how individuals acquire, process, retain, and recall knowledge during the process of learning.

Humanistic existential

optimizing your ideal self

Internal locus of control

I have control over me

External locus of control

society and other people control me

Social Cognitive Theory

learning by observation and based on social groups

Anal

bowel and bladder control

Phallic

sexual awareness

Latency

Social Skills

Genital

sexual behavior with partner

Oral

sucking, feeding, making noises with mouth

Frame of reference

 how do i see the world around me

Forced choice

yes or no questions

Traits

relatively stable element of your personality

stress

 the way you react the smg that is challenging

Exhaustion

body can’t handle the stress any longer

Allostatis

maintaining stability thru change

Stress IS related to

heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

Optimistic

see the good in things

Persopmetics

people that expect things to go bad

Benevolent religious reappraisal

good religious beliefs lead to insulate ppl from stress

Self efficacy

feel that I have control over things-tend to be more resilience

Control

Permits one to feel that they are not at the mercy of their fates 

Predictability

Allows one to prepare for the inevitable and to cope with it

Problem/Action focused coping

confronts a stressor in the attempt tow decrease or eliminate it

Emotion focused copipng

change the way someone thinks about the stress

Poverty

lack of money equals lack of necessities and results in stress

Job stress can come from

workload, job security, poor conditions, etc

Secondary appraisal

evaluation of resources and options for coping

Primary appraisal

Cognitive process that occurs when one is experiencing a stressful or challenging event