PY exam 3
Chapter 9
Human Development-study of conception to death which is the lifespan
Longitudinal design-takes a long time same group of long period of time
Cross sectional design-one time point give multiple groups of people at the same time
Nature -genetic material you get from your family
Nurture-the environment you surround yourself with
Behavioral genetics-how we figure out how much of each trait is inherited
Genetics-study of the inherited traits
Monozygotics-identical twins
Dizygotic twins-fraternal twins
Germinal stage-conception to implantation with a zygote
Embryonic stage with embryo
XX and XY different in sex organs
Teratogens-anything that can negatively influence the development of the child(Alcohol, Cocaine, Marijunana)
Assimilation-knowing a dog and seeing a cow and calling it a dog-same category
Accommodation-when the child is told how the cow is different-new category
Sensorimotor-object permanence-when you cover up a toy with a blanket they think its gone
Preoperational stage-Everything is about I(egocentrism)
Concrete-subjective moral reasoning-capacity for adult logic-own set of value begin to emerge
(ZPD)Zone of proximal development-smg that a child is almost able to do
Scaffolding-A skilled learner provides support and provide less support over time
Preconventional-whether or not the child will get in trouble for smg or not
Conventional-does society tell me this is right or wrong-stop signs, speed limits
Postconventional-morality is now determined by the experience and judgment of the person
Temperament-behavioral characteristics that are pretty well established
-easy-regular and adaptable
-difficult-irregular, irritable, non adaptable
-slow to warm up-need to adjust gradually to change
Attachment-bond between the infant and the primary caregiver
Stranger anxiety-nervous abt new ppl
Separation anxiety-fear of being separated from the primary caregiver
Secure-fuss upon drop off but happy when reunited
Avoidant-not close bond between the caregiver
Ambivalent-has a tantrum at drop off-either clean to them or resist them at pick up
Authoritarian-parenting as a learning experiences for the child-boundaries
Authoritative-the military-rigid rules/demand obedience
Permissive-not close supervision-child can do whatever
Uninvolved-leave child to themselves
Adolescence-period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities
Puberty-begins with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics-deepening of the voice in males-rounding of breast in women
Formal Operational stage
Imaginary audience-idea that other people are always looking at them
Personal fable-egocentrism
Ego identity-firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
Emerging adulthood(new period of development)-18-25 who they are without their parents
Cognitive development-thoughts emotions feelings
Crystallized intelligence-the amount of info you have in storage-tests
Fluid intelligence-based on skills of processing informations-puzzles, patterns(perceptual speed)
Emerging
Early adulthood
Middle adulthood
Late adulthood
Sandwich generation-people taking care of kids, parents, and or grandparents
Successful aging-maximizing life experiences-optimizing health and social connections
Personality-relatively stable way that ppl act
Psychodynamic-personality is driven by subconscious
Trait perspective-Big 5
Learning theory-our personality is developed based on learning
Humanistic existential-optimizing your ideal self
Sociocultural perspective
Psychoanalysis
Conflict-come internally
Know Freud's Conception of the Personality
Unconscious-Id (i )
Ego-can't do anything I want
Superego-moral reasoning
Oral-sucking, feeding, making noises with mouth
Anal-bowel and bladder control
Phallic-sexual awareness
Latency-social skills
Genital-secual behavior with partner
Behaviorist-do not theorize in terms of traits-everything is learned-what does the person do
Habit-well learned response
Social cognitive theory-learning by observation and based on social groups
Modeling-watch someone get rewarded so child wants to act that way
Reciprocal Determinism-Behavior, Environment, and Personal Cognitive Factors
-everything is gonna influence behavior
Internal vs. external locus of control
Internal-i have control over me
External-other ppl control me
Humanism and existentialism-driven desire to be ethical-how do ppl achieve that idea self
Maslow-triangle of self actualization most ppl want to get to the diea self
Self-is who I am and hwo I se I am
Self theory-delopement of slef
Self concept-how I few myself and my capabilities
Freame of reference- how do i see the world around me
Unconditional positive regard-perosn is capable of love and good person no matter what
Conditional positive regard-only accepting some wher a desired bahvior is accomplished
Validity-does your test measure hwat it should
Reliablltu -
Standardizations
Standardized-
Forced choice-yes or no questions
Projective tests-answer comes from self conscious
Behavioral Assessment-watching ppl in their environment
Interview-asking ppl open ended questions-
Personality Inventory-Yes no can't decide-trait theorists
Traits-relatively stable element of your personality
KNOW OCEAN
Biology and Traits-inherited and environment
Behavioral genetics
Twin studues-jim twims
Phrenology-study of the bumps on the heads
Heritiablilyt-
Stress- the way you react the smg that is challenging
Stressors-events that cause a stress reaction can be positive of negative
Distress- seen as negative-traffice jam car wreck
Eustress-efffect ofpostive events-first date, new jobs
Catastrope-large scale unpredictable event
Hassle-regularly occurring experience/event
Approahc-approach-2 good things
Avoidance Avoidance-2 negative things
Approcahc Aviodance
Activating Event leads to Beliefs lead to Consequences
Belifs tend to catastrophize the extent of loss
Pressure-from a time demand-deadline-cause stress
Frustration-blocked form a goal-internet goes down and cant turn in a paper caused by external force
Internal-blcoked by smg internal adhd cant ofucs
Sympatheitc
PArasympatheic
Emotional support is very important
Alarm-flight or fight reaction-activated
Resistance-dealing with it
Ehavustation-body cant hand the stress
Allostasis-maintaining stability thru change
Stress related to heart disease-diabetes-cancer
Catastrophes/Hassles/type A personality→Stress→Unhealthy behaviors/physiological reactions→Coronary heart disease
Optimistic-see the good in things
Persopmetics-expect things ot go bad
Benevolent religious reapparasial-good relgios belives lead to insolate ppl from stress
Primary appraisal-bear has to get awya
Secondary appraisal-resoursce and options for coping
Passive coping
Active coping-managing stressors
KNOW Biopsychosocial model
Poverty-lack of money equals lack of necessities and results in stress
Job stress-workload, job security, poor conditions
Work load
Emotion focused coping-change the way someone things about the stress
Action focus coping
Problem focused coping-working in decrease or eliminate it
Resillence-abilulty to withstand stress
Self efficacy-do I feel that I have control over things-tend to bemore resilience
Preicatbilit
Control