AP European History Revision

Population before and after the black plague

4.2 mln to 2.8 mnl (± 1/2)

Fall of Constantinople

1453 - Rediscovery of Ancient Greek and Roman books

Number of Greek books from Fall of Constantinople

3000

Dev. during the Renaissance

Urban centers growth (especially North Italy) and Rise of Sovereign states + Economic investments in trades (Mercantilism —> in decline due to Fall of Constantinople but will get back up)

Artworks of the Renaissance

The Brith of Venus, Botticelli
The Viturvian Man, Leonoardo da Vinci

The Sleeping Venus, Titan and Giorgione (Chiaroscuro)

The School of Athens, Raphael

The Mariage of the Virgin, Raphael (Perspecive)

Art Techniques of the Renaissance

Oil paintings (walnut oil), linear perspective, anatomic correctness, chiaroscuro

Big big family during the Renaissance

Medici

Printing press stats

4000 pages / day - (30 for a monk)
150 years : 8-20mln books printed
Literacy rate : 7% [1450] to 16% [1550]

200 city had the printing press

Christian Humanist example

Erasmus “The Praise of Folly” and Translations of the bible

Henry VII of England

Created “The Star Chamber’" —> Centralized the States with ± Ministers
Disolved Monastries —> gained + money

Isabella and Ferdinand

Union of 2 most powerful houses

Reduced number of nobles to be more powerful

Reconquista

France during Renaissance

Charles VII : Centralization of State —> Taille and Gabelle

Louis XI : Enlarged the Army to 100 K + promotion of industry

Francois 1er : French as official language and marked borders of Kingdom

Boat used during Age of Exploration

The Caravel → Carry more cargo

New tech for Age of Exploration

Magnetic compass; Maps (Henry the Navigator)

Death due to diseases in America Age of Exploration

90% of the population. Other forced to work in mines and persecuted

Treaty of Tordesillas

New world cut in half for Spain (left of the line) and Portugal (right)

Number of Africans slaves brought in America

12,5 million

Resources from the new world

Corn; Tomato; Potato; Tabacco; Cacao; Vanila; Avocado

Already had but still in the trade : Banana; Sugar Cane; Coffee Beans

Super important example for Slave Trade and conditions

The Zong Ship

Indulgences

First appeared during the crusades

Martin Luther

Writes the 95 Thesis and Nails on church; Diet of Worms; Frederick the Wise

The German Peasants’ War

1525 - Had enough about tax → attack of Monasteries, castles, and prosperous farms.
± Caused by Martin Luther which calls for deescalation (cause with his buddy Frederick the Wise)

Women helped during the Reformation

Katherine Zeal

The Peace of Augsburg

1555 - Ended the Religious civil war. Every ±300 princes can choose sector’s religion

Calvin

Predestination and 'Elects’ ; Makes his utopia in Genova (Huguenots)

Henry VIII of England

The Act of Supremacy (1534) → wife could not give birth; asked for divorce. Dissolution of the Monasteries (before 20% of land was religious property)

The Act of Supremacy

1534 - Head of the Church, and Clergy of England (Henry VIII)

Spanish Armada Defeat

1588 - Spain (Philip) VS England (Elizabeth I)
67 of 150 Spanish Armada returned

Start of Spain’s economical and political | (Origin : conflict in the Netherlands as Elizabeth encouraged raids of Spanish ships)

Council of Trent

1542 - Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines :
No indulgences and church abuses; But practice from Faith and Good Works

Jesuits

Massacre of Wassy + The Saint Barthélemy Day Massacre

1572

Deaths : 20K (with 4K in Paris)

With support of Catherine de Medici, Catholics killed Huguenots gathered for the marriage of Henry de Navarre and Margeret de Valois)

Started 15y Civil War → Bad agriculture & commerce

War of the 3 Henry

On the throne : Henry III | Henry of Guise took by force the throne

Assassination of the Duke of Guise and Catherine de Medici

Assassination of Henry III

Henry of Navarre : ‘Paris is worth a mass’ → Henry IV

Number of Huguenots in France

50% of Nobility | 10% of entire population

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Provided religious toleration for Huguenots

The 30 year war

1618 to 1648

Causes : King Ferdinand elected King → tried to recatholise Bohemia; The deforestation of Prague; Revoques Peace of Augsburg

Catholic League VS Protestant Union

Phases

• The Bohemian Phase : Ferdiand II (Catholic league) VS Frederick (Protestant Union) → ± Reastablished catholisism in HRE

• The Danish Phase : Dutch and English help Protestants | Ferdinand still wins and Edict of Restitution

• The Swedish Phase : Gustavus Adolphus (canon guy) → Major victories for the protestants (Germany cannot unify) + French financing Protestants (to weaken habsburgs)

• The French Phase : French helped and Protestant won

Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia

1648

End of the religious wars + Weak HRE

France annexed parts of Alsace + Switzerland neutrality

Peace of Augsburg reput in place (adding Calvinsts)

Deaths of 30 y war

Deaths : 5-8 mLn

Magna Carta

King John too much corrupt → Magna Carta

All men free + right of justice and free trial | Free citizens can own and inherit property

The King can only tax if and only if parliament agrees