carbohydrates and lipids yayy

FML just kidding!

covalent bond definition and speciality

the electrostatic attraction between shared pairs of electrons between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electron

able to form stable and complex structures

condenstaion reaction, describe and forms whatCondensation

removal of water to form bonds between the 2 molecules

how to name covalent bond between 2 monosaccharide

glycosidic bond

examples of monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide (give 2 per each bro)

mon: glucose, fructose, DNA STUFF → ribose and deoxyribose

di: lactose, maltose

poly: amylopectin, starch, cellulose gor d

linkages between glucose, number of carbon linked and shape (linear? branched)

1-4 linkage = linear

1-6 linkage = branched

types of glucose? what’s the difference in arrangement?

alpha glucose - H on right top, OH on right bottom

beta glucose - OH on right top, H on bottom right

opposite of condensation reaction? for what? define digestion

hydrolysis → adding water → adds water to break apart 2 molecules

for digestion → chemical breakdown of larger molecules to small molecules

monosacharide types

1. triose 3 carbon

2. pentose 5 carbon

3. hexose 6 carbon (glucose)

glucose characteristics (4)

1. soluble in water polar

2. small

3. stable

4. yields a lot of energy when oxidised

polysaccharides characteristics

1. not soluble

2. no fixed size

cellulose function what

• structural support

• plant cell wall material type shit

polysaccharide energy storage for plants and animals?

• plants: starch

• animals: glycogen

starch forms

• amylose: 1-4 linkages

• amylopectin: 1-4 AND 1-6 linkages

state characterstics of amylose - waht kind of glucose? linkage? shape?

• alpha glucose

• 1-4 linakges

• spiral chain

state characteristics of amylopectin: waht glucose, linkage? shape?

• alpha glucose

• 1-4 and 1-6

• spral AND branches(even more branched)

glycogen? what is it, glucose, animal or plant, linkage, shape

• energy storage molecule for animals

• alpha glucose

• animal

• 1-4 and 1-6

• highly branched

cellulose? what is it? glucose type? linkage? shape? what type of bond can also be bonds between parallel chains

• structural component of plant cell walls NOT FOR ENERGY, a structural component

• beta glucose

• 1-4 linkage (linear)

• straight and strong

• hydrogen bonds held between parallel chains

glycoprotein what is it, function?

polypetpide with attached carbohydrate chain

faces outward, for cell recognition

glycoprotein in cell cell recognition? antigen how is it related

antigen: recognition features on the outside of cells

lipid characteristics

• non polar, water hating hydrophobic

• non soluble in water

lipid examples

• fats

• oils

• waxes

• steroids

groups that must appear in lipids

• carboxyl group (OH-C=O)

• methyl group (CH₃)

• CARBOn chian with hydirgen attached

what forms triglyceride? how many H2O? water hating/loving?whole?

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

3 H2O since there’s 3 removal of H2O → 3 bonds

all are water hating

phospholipid characteristic? 1 word + describe what it means

amphipathic: have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

formation of phospholipid? equation

phospholipid = phosphate group + glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails

which part in teh phospholipid is polar/nonpolar

polar: phosphate head/group

non polar: fatty acid tails

saturated fatty acids characteristics (3)

1. single bonds

2. straight

3. solid at room temperature

monosaturated characteristics

1. not striaght, is bent/have a kink, due to not having single bond, have a double bond within a chain

MONO = 1 double bond somewhere in the chain

so 2 carbons have ONLY 1 H bodned → since double bonded with each other C

polyunsaturated characteristics, and what about transfatty acid?

1. many KINKS

2. because of MANY DOUBLE BONDS

However there are exceptions:

double bond doesnt mean that its a must in kink in double bond → e.g transfatty acid → H- is on opposite

cis vs trans-unsaturated fatty acid (3+4)

cis-unsaturated fatty acids:

• H atoms are on the same side of the chain → so there’s gonna be kinks

• most natural fatty acids

• oils

trans-unsaturated fatty acids

• hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the chain

• striaghtens the chain

• man-made

• solidify

adipose tissue characteristics (5)

• from trigluceride

• energy storage

• thermal insulation → not good at conducting heat

• insoluble

• 9cal/g

• stable

lipid bilayer characteristics, what can get through what can not?

• only non polar stuff can get through, e.g steroid hormone can straght thriugh pass through lipid bilayer