5.10-5.13

Spoilsmen

Political leaders who sought to gain or maintain power by rewarding their supporters with government jobs.

Patronage

The practice of giving jobs and political appointments to supporters, often in exchange for political support.

Thomas Nast

A political cartoonist known for his work against political corruption and for his impact on public opinion regarding the Tammany Hall.

Liberal Republicans

A political faction formed in the 1870s advocating for civil rights and opposing the policies of the Radical Republicans.

Advocated for end to railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the south, reduced tariffs, freer trade

Panic of 1873

A financial crisis that triggered a severe economic depression in the United States, beginning of grant’s second term

and lasting until 1879. It was caused by over-speculation in railroads and real estate, leading to bank failures.

Reconstruction

The period following the Civil War during which the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

An attempt by President Abraham Lincoln to reintegrate the Confederate states into the Union.-1863

• pardon for those who took oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation of slaves

• 10% of states voters to get gov reestablishedIt outlined a process for political re-entry into the Union, requiring at least 10% of a state's voters to pledge loyalty and accept the end of slavery.

Wade-Davis Bill

Congress’ 1864 bill proposing harsher terms for Reconstruction than those outlined by Lincoln.

50% had to take loyalty oath and only non-Confederates could vote for new state constitution

Freedmen’s Bureau

A federal agency established to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South during the Reconstruction era.

Radical Republicans

A faction of the Republican party that sought to impose strict requirements for Southern states' re-entry into the Union

Championed civil rights for black citizens

Impeachment

The process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official, Johnson faced this

Scalawags

White Southerners who cooperated with Northern Republicans during Reconstruction, usually former Whigs who were interested in economic development

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often perceived as exploiting the region's turmoil.

• investors interested in setting up new businesses, ministers, teachers, plunderers

Redeemers

Southern Democrats/conservatives who sought to regain political power and restore the pre-Civil War social order.

took control of many state governments in the South after Reconstruction.

• states rights. reduced taxes/spending on social programs, white supremacy

Rutherford B. Hayes

The 19th President of the United States whose election was contested and resulted in the Compromise of 1877.

He was a republican from ohio

Samuel J. Tilden

The Democratic candidate in the 1876 presidential election who lost under contentious circumstances.

new yorks reform governor, won majority vote

Election of 1876

A highly disputed election that led to the end of Reconstruction through the Compromise of 18__

Hayes vs Tilden.

Compromise of 1877

An agreement that resolved the contested 18__ election and resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and southern transcontinental railroad

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society formed in the South that aimed to maintain white supremacy through violence and intimidation.

Force Acts

Laws passed to protect African Americans' rights and curb the violence of the Ku Klux Klan.

Black Codes

Laws passed in Southern states to restrict the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.

• could not rent land or borrow money to buy land, testify against whites, and sign work agreements

Sharecropping

An agricultural system in which landowners allowed tenants to farm in exchange for a share of the crop.

Amnesty Act of 1872

A law that removed restrictions on former Confederates, allowing them to hold public office again, excluding top leaders

Women’s suffrage

The movement advocating for women's right to vote.

13th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A landmark law that granted citizenship and equal protection under the laws to all persons born in the U.S., aimed primarily at African Americans.

14th Amendment

An amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and ensured due process and equal protection under the law.

Equal protection of the laws

A constitutional guarantee that no person or group will be denied the same protection under the law that is enjoyed by others.

given by 14th amendment

Due process of law

A legal requirement ensuring fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

given by 14th amendment

15th Amendment

An amendment that prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude'.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A law that guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service.

Jay Gould

A prominent American railroad promoter and financier known for his involvement in unethical business practices.

obtained the help of grant’s brother in law to corner the gold market

Credit Mobilier

Involved in an affair where insiders gave stock to influential congressmen to avoid investigation of profits from government subsidies from the railroad

William Tweed

A political boss of Tammany Hall known for his role in political corruption in New York City during the 1860s and 1870s.

boss of local democratic party (NYC) stole $200 million before NYT and Nast exposed and helped arrest him

Charles Sumner

An abolitionist senator from Massachusetts known for his fierce opposition to slavery and his role in the Radical Republican movement.

attacked by brooks with a cane in 1856

Thaddeus Stevens

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives, who advocated for the rights of freed slaves and harsh Reconstruction policies and social reform

Benjamin Wade

A politician and Radical Republican who advocated for civil rights and played a prominent role during the Reconstruction era, social reform

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

went over johnson’s vetoes, congress pased 3, placing south under military occupation and and dividing them into 5 military districts

Tenure of Office Act

A law that restricted the president's power to remove federal official or military commander without the Senate's approval, purpose was to protect radical republicans in the cabinent

Edwin Stanton

The Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson whose dismissal led to the impeachment of Johnson, tenure of office act made to protect him and also was in charge of governments in the south

Blanche K. Bruce

An African American politician who served as a U.S. senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the United States Senate, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States who faced significant opposition during his Reconstruction policies after Lincoln's assassination.

Congressional Reconstruction

The period during which Congress took control of Reconstruction policies, imposing stricter terms on Southern states before they could rejoin the Union.