hello its me crewmate

Is "Standard English" a dialect?

yes, it is just socially privileged dialect; not linguistically superior

Does the word "standard" meet or violate the definition

for dialects?

yes it violates it conceptually because standard implies correct and only a social judgement not a linguistic fact; standard reflects power and prestige

What steps can an SLP make to assure dialect is taken into account during assessment?

multiple assessment methods, know dialect features, avoid misdiagnosis, contrastive analysis, consider cultural background

How is the dialect you hear consistent with the Hispanic Spanish dialect in the video?

no theta, d

trilling t

saying no at the end of sentences

What are the speech sound

differences between this Hispanic Spanish and General American English (GAE)?

t/d substitues /θ,ð/

/b/ substitutes /v/

final consonants reduced and deleted

5 pure vowels

I and i not contrastive

What are the speech sound differences between African American English and GAE?

final consonant cluster reduction, consonant deletion, f/d substitues /θ,ð/

zero copula

What are the speech sound differences between Appalachian English and GAE?

a prefixing

final consonant variation

monopthongzination

multiple negation

How can the speech of a non-native English speaker be adequately assessed if there is not a standardized assessment instrument available in that language?

dynamic, collect speech sample, interpreters, analyze error patterns, citerion-refenced measures, compare to developmental norms

What differentiates the "traditional" approach to treatment from the more linguistically-based treatment techniques discussed in Chapter 10?

The traditional approach:

Focuses on individual sounds (phonemes) in isolation

Assumes errors are motor/articulatory problems

Uses a hierarchical sequence:

Isolation → syllables → words → phrases → sentences → conversation

Emphasizes correct production of one sound at a time

What differentiates the more linguistically approach to treatment from the more linguistically-based treatment techniques discussed in Chapter 10?

Linguistically-based approaches (Chapter 10):

Focus on patterns of errors (phonological processes) rather than single sounds

Treat speech as a rule-based system

Target multiple sounds or patterns at once

Aim to improve overall intelligibility more efficiently

key difference between two

Traditional = motor-based, one sound at a time

Linguistic = pattern-based, system-wide change

Why should SLPs engage in perceptual training?

Why:

Some clients cannot hear the difference between correct and incorrect productions

If they can’t perceive the contrast, they can’t reliably produce it

Builds self-monitoring skills

When should SLPs engage in perceptual training?

When:

When a client:

Makes consistent errors

Shows poor discrimination between sounds (e.g., /r/ vs /w/)

Is not progressing with production alone

👉 Perceptual training often happens before or alongside production training

Describe the four methods for eliciting target sounds? Describe the sound elicitation method that starts at the word level?

3. Four methods for eliciting target sounds

Phonetic placement method

Teach where and how to move articulators (tongue, lips, teeth)

Shaping (successive approximations)

Start with a known sound and gradually modify it into the target sound

Example: /t/ → /s/

Sound modification

Adjust an incorrect production slightly until it becomes correct

Contextual utilization

Use facilitating contexts (certain vowels or sounds that make production easier)

Which method starts at the word level?

👉 Contextual utilization

It uses specific word contexts where the sound is easier to produce

The client may never produce the sound in isolation first

When teaching a sound at the word level, what would be the features of the first target words that would make it easier for the client to produce?

To make production easier, early words should:

Contain facilitating phonetic contexts (helpful surrounding sounds)

Be simple in structure (e.g., CV, CVC)

Use early-developing or familiar sounds

Avoid competing difficult sounds

Be highly functional or meaningful to the client

Be short and easy to repeat

👉 Example: If targeting /s/, choose words where vowels help (like “see” instead of “sun” if that’s easier)

What practical application do the pages you skimmed (last 60 pages in the chapter) have for a future speech-language pathologist?

Even though you skimmed, these sections are important because they:

Provide detailed, sound-specific therapy techniques

Show exact cues and prompts for different sounds (e.g., /r/, /s/, /l/)

Help SLPs:

Troubleshoot difficult cases

Choose effective elicitation strategies

Customize therapy for individual clients

👉 Big takeaway: These pages act as a clinical reference guide you’ll use in real therapy when a client is struggling with a specific sound.

At what linguistic level do phonemic-based treatments begin?

Word level

Why do phonemic-based treatments begin at the word level?

Because the goal is to demonstrate that sound differences signal meaning differences, which only occurs at the word level or higher

Why are isolation and nonsense syllables not used to begin phonemic-based treatment?

They lack meaning, so they do not demonstrate how sound differences affect communication

Why is phrase-level treatment not used initially in phonemic approaches?

It is too linguistically complex before the child understands sound-meaning contrasts

What types of sound error problems are best addressed with minimal contrast therapy?

Single phonological process errors and mild to moderate phonological disorders involving sound substitutions

Give examples of phonological processes appropriate for minimal contrast therapy.

Fronting, stopping, gliding

What types of sound error problems are NOT appropriate for minimal contrast therapy?

Multiple phonological processes, phoneme collapse, and severe unintelligibility

What therapy approaches are better for phoneme collapse?

Multiple oppositions or cycles approach

What is phoneme collapse?

When one sound is substituted for multiple target sounds, reducing phonemic contrasts

What are the target selection criteria for minimal contrast therapy?

Words differ by only one phoneme, reflect the child's error pattern, are real words, and are meaningful/functional

Can minimal contrast therapy be adapted for final consonant deletion?

Yes

How is minimal contrast therapy adapted for final consonant deletion?

By using word pairs that contrast presence vs absence of the final consonant (e.g., 'bow' vs 'boat')

Why does minimal contrast therapy work for deletion errors?

Because the presence or absence of a sound changes word meaning

How are treatment targets chosen in the Cycles Approach?

Based on phonological patterns that significantly impact intelligibility, not individual sounds

Does the Cycles Approach require mastery before moving to the next target?

No, targets are rotated in cycles regardless of mastery

What types of targets are included within each cycle?

Multiple sounds and word positions within a phonological pattern

Which aspects of the Cycles Approach reflect a least phonological knowledge approach?

Targeting later-developing sounds, non-stimulable sounds, and more complex patterns

Which aspects of the Cycles Approach reflect a most phonological knowledge approach?

Targeting early-developing sounds, stimulable sounds, and simpler patterns

Why is the Cycles Approach considered a hybrid approach?

It incorporates both least and most phonological knowledge principles

What is metalinguistic awareness?

The ability to think about and consciously reflect on language and its components

What types of concepts are included in metalinguistic awareness for phonology?

Sound properties such as long vs short sounds, noisy vs quiet sounds

How does metalinguistic awareness relate to metaphon therapy?

Metaphon therapy teaches children to understand and describe phonological rules and sound properties

What is the primary goal of metaphon therapy?

To develop awareness of phonological structure before improving production

What are key characteristics of metaphon therapy sessions?

Focus on sound concepts, use of labels, listening tasks, sorting activities, and encouraging the child to explain sound differences

How is metaphon therapy different from traditional articulation therapy?

It emphasizes understanding and awareness of sound properties rather than just practicing correct production

Why is therapy at the isolation level inappropriate for phonological disorders?

Phonological disorders require teaching sound-meaning contrasts, which cannot be demonstrated at the isolation level because it lacks semantic meaning.

Why is the word level the most appropriate starting point for treating a child who produces /t/ for /k/?

Because contrasting real words (e.g., 'tea' vs 'key') demonstrates that sound differences change meaning, promoting phonological reorganization.

What key principle is missed when using nonsense syllables to treat a phonological disorder?

The importance of meaningful contrasts; nonsense syllables do not show how errors impact communication.

Which treatment approach is most appropriate for a child with fronting as the only error pattern?

Minimal contrast therapy, because it is effective for single phonological process errors in mild to moderate cases.

Why is minimal contrast therapy NOT appropriate for a child substituting /t/ for /k, s, ch, sh/?

Because this represents phoneme collapse; minimal pairs do not provide enough contrast for multiple oppositions.

What treatment approach is most appropriate for a child with phoneme collapse?

Multiple oppositions approach.

Which approach is most appropriate initially for a highly unintelligible child with multiple phonological processes?

Cycles approach, because it targets multiple patterns and improves intelligibility without requiring mastery.

Why is it incorrect to select target words that differ by two sounds in minimal contrast therapy?

Minimal contrast pairs must differ by only one phoneme to isolate the relevant phonological contrast.

Why is it problematic to choose unfamiliar words for minimal pair therapy?

Words should be meaningful and functional to reinforce the communicative impact of sound contrasts.

What type of minimal pair contrast should be used for a child who deletes final consonants?

Presence vs absence contrast (e.g., 'ca' vs 'cat').

Why is final consonant deletion appropriate for minimal contrast therapy?

Because the absence vs presence of a final consonant creates a meaningful difference between words.

Why is it acceptable to move on from a target without mastery in the Cycles Approach?

Because the goal is gradual phonological system improvement through repeated exposure, not immediate mastery.

What is the best explanation for a parent asking why their child practices different sounds each week in Cycles therapy?

Targets are rotated to stimulate overall phonological development and improve intelligibility across patterns.

Which theoretical approach is reflected by selecting only stimulable, early-developing sounds in Cycles?

Most phonological knowledge approach.

Which theoretical approach is reflected by targeting complex, non-stimulable clusters in Cycles?

Least phonological knowledge approach.

Why is Cycles considered a hybrid approach?

It incorporates both simple/stimulable and complex/non-stimulable targets to maximize system-wide change.

What area should therapy target for a child who cannot explain the difference between 'noisy' and 'quiet' sounds?

Metalinguistic awareness.

What type of therapy is it when a clinician asks a child if /s/ is a noisy or quiet sound?

Metaphon therapy.

What is the purpose of teaching concepts like 'long vs short sounds' in metaphon therapy?

To build awareness of phonological rules and sound properties before focusing on production.

What may be missing if a child correctly produces sounds in therapy but does not generalize to conversation?

Phonological understanding and meaningful contrast training.

What skill is being targeted when a child sorts pictures based on correct vs incorrect sound production during therapy?

Metalinguistic awareness.

What approach is a clinician using if they focus only on drilling correct production without addressing sound meaning?

Traditional articulation approach (not appropriate for phonological disorders).

What is the key difference in goal between articulation and phonological therapy?

Articulation focuses on correct production of individual sounds, while phonological therapy focuses on reorganizing sound patterns and meaning contrasts.

What does it indicate if a child improves production of /k/ in one word but not others?

Lack of generalization; therapy should focus more on phonological patterns and contrasts.

Why is generalization a primary goal in phonological therapy?

Because the aim is system-wide change across words, contexts, and conversational speech.

What does the Cycles approach target?

Phonological processes that children suppress early in development.

What is consistent with the Cycles approach regarding stimulable sounds?

It targets stimulable sounds.

What is the requirement for targeting error processes in the Cycles approach?

They must occur at least 40% of the time.

Is natural phonology consistent with the traditional/phonetic approach?

False.

Do non-linear phonology and natural phonology posit that children have underlying phonemic representations?

True.

Do a least phonological knowledge approach and the traditional/phonetic approach both start treatment with early developing sounds?

False.

What is consistent with treating stimulable sounds in the Cycles Approach?

Most phonological knowledge approach.

What do assimilation and coarticulation have in common?

They both involve spreading of a sound's articulatory features to other sounds in a word.

Is a child's production of speech sound errors likely to be the same in imitation and spontaneous speech?

False.

Does the phonetic approach to treatment start at the word level?

False.

What describes facilitating contexts?

Placing the target sound in a word with other sounds that are like the target or unlike the error sound.

What is an advantage of most formal articulation tests?

They assess most phonemes in most word positions.

What is the best evidence of productive phonological knowledge for /s/?

Inconsistent correct production of the voiced cognate.

What is a common problem when assessing a child with emerging phonology?

Gloss is incomplete.

What is recommended for a highly unintelligible child with emerging phonology?

Independent analysis.

How has the SLP field's perspective on speech behaviors changed according to the Baker article?

It now incorporates a more cognitive-linguistic account for speech sound disorders.

What target would be used earliest in phonetic/traditional therapy for /g/ (which is fronted)?

/g-/

What is most consistent with progressing to new treatment targets prior to their mastery?

Cycles approach.

What is consistent with African American English?

[bɛs] for 'best'.

Which prelinguistic stage is characterized by the production of vocoids and contoids chained together?

Canonical babbling

What ability do infants have that is superior to adults despite being less proficient with phonological skills?

Categorical perception for nonnative sounds

What is a difference between canonical babbling and jargon?

One includes more prosodic features of the native language than the other

What is a characteristic of a 'true' word that is not found in prelinguistic vocalizations?

The production resembles the target and is used consistently for a particular item

What speech subsystem is impacted by the growth/lengthening of vocal cords?

Phonation

How does tongue size relative to the oral cavity change from early infancy to childhood?

It decreases in size relative to the oral cavity

What is true of phonological awareness?

It includes conscious knowledge such as whether two words rhyme

According to the Baker article, what did the field of speech-language pathology move away from?

The sound by sound method

What did theories propose as the origin of speech sound disorders?

The brain's organizational system for phonemes

How did assessment of speech sound disorders change with the shift in theoretical perspective reviewed by Baker?

Errors are now classified based on patterns of difficulty

What is consistent with findings on speech sound generalization?

Untreated sounds sharing features similar to treated sounds changed without direct treatment

What is stimulability testing?

A component of an evaluation where the clinician asks the client to watch and listen before repeating.

What is speech-language screening used for?

To give the clinician an initial impression of the speech-language skills of a large group of children.

What do most standardized articulation tests employ?

Non-imitative picture naming.