Principlism, Triage Ethics, Disability Critique & Human Subjects Research

What are the four principles of principlism?

Autonomy (Respect for Persons), Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice.

What is the primary goal of triage during resource scarcity?

Save the most lives.

Why is first-come, first-served often criticized during scarcity?

It violates temporal neutrality and may save fewer lives.

What two factors does Savulescu prioritize?

Highest probability of recovery and shortest duration of treatment.

What is testimonial injustice?

Discounting someone's testimony because of prejudice toward their social group.

What is the disability paradox?

Non-disabled people often underestimate the quality of life experienced by disabled people.

What does the social model of disability emphasize?

Social barriers and lack of accommodation rather than individual impairment.

What does a QALY measure?

Both quality and quantity of life gained.

What is a major criticism of QALYs?

They may discriminate against disabled individuals.

According to Mill, when may the state interfere with liberty?

To prevent harm to others.

Why do libertarians oppose vaccine mandates?

They view them as paternalistic violations of autonomy.

What are the four Largent and Miller criteria?

Availability, threat, evidence, voluntary efforts first.

What is the primary goal of research?

Generate generalizable knowledge.

What is the primary goal of clinical practice?

Benefit the individual patient.

What is therapeutic misconception?

Confusing research with individualized medical care.

What is the most important principle of the Nuremberg Code?

Voluntary informed consent.

Why is Tuskegee ethically important?

Researchers withheld treatment and violated informed consent.

What takes priority in the Declaration of Helsinki?

Rights and interests of research subjects.

What are the three Belmont principles?

Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice.

What is the main role of an IRB?

Protect human research participants.

What is Phase I testing primarily concerned with?

Safety.

What happens in Phase IV?

Monitoring after approval.

What is clinical equipoise?

Genuine uncertainty about which treatment is superior.

What are the seven requirements for ethical clinical research?

Value, validity, fair selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent, respect for subjects.

Why does Carl Cohen think animals lack rights?

They cannot participate in moral communities or make moral claims.

What is speciesism?

Giving moral preference based solely on species membership.