Bio Exam 4

which organ is your body’s largest, second largest?

largest: skin

second: liver

which bone in your body is the longest

femur

which bone in your body is the smallest

stapes

which bone is absent in humans but present in most other primates and other mammals like rodents, bats, bears

baculum (p bone)

most animal bodies contain which three similar tissue types

epithelial

connective

nerve

define epithelial tissue

skin tissues that are made of cells closely packed together

epithelial tissue location and functions?

location: the whole body

functions: protection (barrier between the inside and outside of the body), secretion (glands in the skin can secrete saliva, sweat, mucous, stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and hormones)

what does connective tissue do?

it binds to and provides support for other tissues

what does nerve tissue do?

it sends electrical impulses

location and function of nerve tissue?

location: brain, spinal cord, scattered throughout body

function: communicates signals between your brain and the rest of your body

muscle tissue appearance, function?

appearance: bundles of long cells called muscle fibers

function: fibers contain proteins that allow it to contract

muscle tissue locations and type of control? (three)

1. smooth muscle is found in the blood vessels and digestive tract (involuntary)

2. cardiac muscle is found in the heart tissue (involuntary)

3. skeletal muscle attaches to bones (voluntary)

what is homeostasis

animal bodies tend to maintain relatively constant internal conditions

how does your body detect and respond to changes in the environment (two things)

positive and negative feedback

what is negative feedback

the results of a process inhibit that very process

ex: body temp

what are the two types of body temperature regulation

endotherms

ectotherms

describe endotherms

generate body heat internally

warm blooded

mammals and birds

describe ectotherms

get their heat from the environment

cold blooded

invertebrates

four primary mechanisms for regulating body temps

physical

behavior

physiological

cellular

what happens during diabetes

the body fails to produce enough insulin or target cells do no respond normally

describe positive feedback

a form of regulation in which the results of a process intensify that same process

ex: child birth

anatomy definition

the study of the structure of an organism’s body parts

physiology defintion

the study of the functions of an organisms body parts

alimentary canal what is it?

a continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

what does the pharynx split into and where do those lead

esophagus: leads to gut

trachea: leads to the lungs

epiglottis moves to cover the entrance to trachea

where does chemical digestion occur

in the mouth, stomach, and smal intestine

what do sphincter muscles do?

they close the stomach after food enters, preventing back flow of the stomach acids into the esophagus

and or closes the stomach from the small intestine

describe the small intestine

20 feet long with many folds

describe villi

finger like projections that line the small intestine

describe microvilli

thread like projections that line cells in the villi

what happens in the colon (large intestine)

mostly indigestible materials enter, water, salts, and some vitamins are absorbed, the remaining indigestibles go to the rectum

what do accessory organs do

secrete specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts

what does the liver do

secretes bile for breaking up fats

what does gall bladder do

stores bile

what does pancreas do

secretes lots of digestive enzymes

what do salivary glands do

secretes enzymes that break down starch (a carb)

what does the respiratory system do

it exchanges gases: O2 in the body and CO2 out

what does the circulatory system do

it transports oxygen from the lungs into the body cells

what are alveoli

tiny air sacs

what is the waste product of metabolism

carbon dioxide, it diffuses from the body cells into capillaries

which bones and muscles does breathing require

bones:

ribs

muscle:

intercostal (between ribs)

diaphragm

what happens in inhalation

chest muscles contract

chest cavity expands

air is sucked into the lungs

what happens during exhalation

chest muscles relax

chest cavity returns to original size

air is forced into the trachea

definition of hiccuping

involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, part of vocal cords close, causing sound

causes of hiccups

eating too much/too quickly

feeling nervous, excited, stressed

drinking carbonated drinks

a sudden change in temperature

swallowing air

what is emphysema

alveoli are damaged or inflamed; often caused by long term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution

what is bronchitis

infection of the bronchioles; most caused by viruses

what is pneumonia

fluid leaks into alveoli; mostly caused by viruses

what problem normally affects the upper respiratory tract which is caused by viruses

colds and flu

what is asthma, what are the causes

long-term inflammation of the airway;
causes: genetics, allergies, infections...

what do all vertebrates have

a closed circulatory system

what happens in a closed circulatory system

blood is contained within vessels (tubes)

muscular heart propels blood through vessels to tissues throughout the body

what is the total blood volume

about 5 liters/1.3 gallonsh

how much can you lose and survive (percent wise)

40%

how much is in a standard blood donation (percent of yours)

10% of your total blood volume

total blood vessel length

about 6k-12k miles

what things get transported through the circulatory system

oxygen (red blood cell)

nutrients

waste products

immune system cells (white blood cells)

hormones

heat

what are the three types of blood vessels that make up the plumbing of the circulatory system

arteries

veins

capillaries

why do veins appear blue

blue light does not penetrate skin; the color you see is reflected blue light

what do arteries do

carry blood away from the heart

what do veins do

carry blood to the heart

what do capillaries do

join arterioles to venules

what is varicose veins/how does it happen

if the valves in your veins don’t work properly, veins can enlarge which causes it

what two circuits can the cardiovascular system be organized into

pulmonary and systemic

what does the pulmonary circuit do

shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs

what does the systemic circuit do

shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body

which side of the system is oxygen rich and which is poor

the right is oxygen poor, the left is rich

describe hypertension

high blood pressure

increases the risk of heart attack, heart disease, and stroke

describe anemia

occurs when the blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen

describe stroke

occurs when a clot or broken vessel prevents blood from getting to your brain

describe heart disease

often results from fatty deposits blocking the arteries

what is the most common cause of death in the USA

heart disease

what two things is blood made of, what percent is each

plasma is about 55% of blood and cells are about 45% of blood

describe plasma (what makes it up)

salty water 90% of plasma

metabolites

wastes

ions

proteins

what are erthrocytes

the most common type of red blood cell, transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body

describe red blood cells

flexible disks containing no nucleus

transport oxygen from the lung to the rest of the body

packed full of the protein hemoglobin which binds to oxygen

what is hemoglobin

a protein that binds to oxygen

what are leucocytes

immune system cells (white blood cells)

describe white blood cells

destroy pathogens and foreign organisms in the bloodstream and interstitial fluid

how does carbon monoxide kill a person

carbon monoxide binds to the iron atoms in hemoglobin, the bond is 200 times stronger than hemoglobin and oxygen, so when the CO binds to the hemoglobin it can’t be released as readily as oxygen would be

what are platelets

fragments of cells with no organelles

what are scabs

molecules of fibrin that cross linked to form a clot on your skin

how do you heal when you get a cut/injury

clotting

immediately after damage, platelets form a plug that can seal a minor break

functions of the lymphatic system

picks up fluids that have leaked into the body tissues and returns them to the blood

filters out damaged cells and particles

produces immune substances that destroys damaged cells and foreign particles

what organs are in the lymphatic system

bone marrow

spleen

tonsils

what are lymph vessels

a connected network of tubes that transport the lymph fluid

what are lymph nodes

bean shaped masses that occur along the vessels, often in groups

what happens in the lymphatic system when things go right against a disease

disease causing cells are filtered out of the lymph fluid and destroyed before they reach the blood

what is lymphoma and how is it caused

overgrowth of cells in the lymphatic system

if cancer cells break free from the lymph nodes, they go back into the blood stream and can be carried to any part of the body (metastatic cancer is caused by this)

what causes inflammation

pathogens (bacteria and viruses)

non pathogen factors// damaged cells due to physical injury or chemical irritants

how does inflammation happen/what happens during inflammation

capillaries in the area enlarge and become permeable (leaky)

white blood cells break down the cells causing the proble

what do histamines do during an inflammatory response

respiratory infections: histamines cause branchial constrictions and excess mucus production

antihistamines relieve these symptoms

what is an antigen

the invader/foreign particles

(i.e.,)bacteria, viruses, toxic particles

what are lymphocytes

white blood cells that mount defense in adaptive immune response

what are the two types of lymphocytes

B(beta)-cells

T-cells

what happens in adaptive immune response

antigens attach to B-cells

B-cells produce a protein called antibodies

antibodies activated T-cells that form an army against the antigens

memory cells (a type of B- and T-cells) remain in the blood and immediately recognize and quickly destroy any returning antigens

what do vaccinations do

purposefully exposes the body to an antigen, which stimulates the production of memory cells

modern vaccines are created from what

killed bacteria or viruses

fragments of proteins from microbes

what (could) happen when the immune response is too strong

recurrent respiratory problems

allergies

anemia

organ rejection

what happens when the immune response is too weak

autoimmune disease (body attacks its own healthy tissues)

immunodeficiency diseases