Andrology test 1

Bull Infectious diseases

- TB

-Brucellosis (serology)

- Enzootic bovine leucosis- serology

• IBR/IPV- clinical exarnination & serology

• Chlamydiosis- clinical examination

• Trichornoniasis- preputial flushings

• Bovine Campylobacteriosis- preputial flushings

What Infections do you preform preputial rinsing in bull?

- Campylobacteriosis

- Trichornoniasis

Steps in detailed examination of bull reproductive system

• Scrotum

• Testicles and epidydimides

• Spermatic cord & vas deferens

• Accesory glands

• Behavior

• Libido L0-L5

• Semen

Bull Libido scale

0- 5

Estimation/ Evaluation of Bull semen

• volume • colour

• consistency

• smell

• pH

• Fluctuation

• sperm concentration (per Imm3)

• % sperm With progressive movement

• agglutination

Bull Final Evaluation

1. Basing on performed tests bull may be used in reproduction

2. It was found that in bull:

• Temporary exclude

• Permanent exclude

Stallion Infectious Diseases

- Maleus

- EIA (Equine Infectious Anemia)

• Covering sickness

How often do you swab stallion for Taylorella Equigenitalis (CEM)

2x every 7 days

Detailed examination of Stallion reproductive system

• Scrotum

• Testicles and epidydimides

• Spermatic cord & vas deferens

• Accesory glands

• Behavior

• Libido- Ll-L4

• Semen

Detailed examination of Boar reproductive system

• Testicles and epidydimides

• prepuce

• Behavior

• Libido- Ll-L4

• Semen

Boar Final evaluation

1. Basing on performed tests boar may be used in reproduction

2. It was found that in boar:

• Temporary exclude

• Permanent exclude

Ram / Buck Infectious diseases

Buck:

- Tuberculosis- tuberculinization

- Brucellosis of sheep and goats- serology

Ram:

- Brucellosis of sheep- serology

Detailed examination of Ram/ Buck reproductive system

• Scrotum

• Testicles and epidydimides

• Spermatic cord & vas deferens

Prepuce

Behavior

Libido

Semen

Seman Sampling Collection

Phantom

Female

Artificial vagina

Stimulation of accesory glands

Electroejaculation

CRYPTORCHIDISM

Failure of one or both testicles to enter the scrotum

the retained gonad is capable of full endocrine function

o Spermatogenesis is impaired owing to the thermal environment

SPERM PRODUCTION appears to be closely correlated with:

• The number of Sertoli cells

o With a fixed ratio of spermatidis to Sertoli cells

Sertoli cells proliferation in pigs is marked by two distinct phases when :

• The first encompassing the period between birth and 1 month of age

• The second between 3 and 4 month of age

STEROID PRODUCTION FROM THE LEYDIG CELLS

Depending on the animal's genetics

' Its subsequent effect on behavior (e.g., mounting pen mate, aggressiveness)

'Can be apparent as early as 1 month of age onward

THE PENIS of the prepubertal boar

' lacks a sigmoid flexure

o It attached to the lining of the prepuce by the penile frenulum

Boar penis Under androgen influence

• Penis growth occurs

• And the boar's physical mounting activity increase

• These events lead to the development of the sigmoid flexure

• The frenulum breakdown

Puberal changes boar

o Boars as young as 4,5 to 5 months of age

o Can have spermatozoa present in the epididymis But adequante libido for mating and ejaculation generally is not displayed until after 5 months of age

Mature boar Penis

o The boar has A FIBROELASTIC PENIS

• Retracted into the prepuce while at rest

• Prepuce runs medially along the distal third of the abdomen

• With its wider cranial portion tightly attached to the ventral abdomen Suspending the narrower caudal portion of the prepuce

• With a sigmoid flexure along its shaft

• And a characteristic GLANS PENIS!!!

Perputal Diverticulum

0 THIS CAVITY COLLECTS

o Urine

o Semen

o Other fluids

o Harbors a large bacterial population

o Contraction of the cranial preputial muscles in concert with mounting activity appears to empty the contents of the preputial diverticulum onto the shaft of the penis ' Providing lubrication for intromission

Mature boar- THE SCROTUM

The glabrous,

- nonpendulous scrotum of the boar

o is located immediately ventral to the anus and contains a prominent medial raphe

- Variation between boar is more susceptible than others to disruptions of spermatogenesis during the hot season of the year

o Especially those boars with testes held close to the body wall

Mature boar Testes

- the site of spermatogenesis and hormone production

o weight has been shown to increase most dramatically between 4 and 6 month of age

o Reaching mature size by 8 months

o Should be symmetrical and relatively uniform in size

o Have a distinct firmness to digital palpation

Boar - THE EPIDIDYMIS

•a site of sperm transport

• Maturation

• Storage

Boar • THE CAUDAE EPIDIDYMIDIS

• Are palpable as distinct nodules

• Located on the dorsal aspect of the testis

• Within the scrotum

Why necessaryto identify caudae epididymidis Boar

Are necessary in order to successfully perform: EPIDIDECTOMY surgery in young pigs

During VASECTOMY boar

ligation and segmental excision of a portion of the ductus deferens

Boar - THE SPERMATIC CORD contains

The ductus deferens

• Serves as a Vascular

• Lymphatic

• Neural connection

What aids in AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF CORE TESTIS TEMPERATURE

o The scrotum

- Pampiniform plexus

o The cremaster muscle

Function of accessory sex glands

contribiute the seminal plasma portion of the semen

boar - The VESICULAR GLANDS are

o Large

- Diffuse

- Lobulated structures

o Which contribute the bulk of the boar's ejaculate fluid volume

Boar - THE PROSTATE GLAND is

o Much smaller relative to the other accessory glands

o Located between the pelvic urethra and the ventrocaudal portion of the vesicular glands

Bull Reproductive anatomy - the testes

Are suspended within the scrotum a feature that is important for testicular thermoregulation

• Within the testis:

• most of the parenchyma is composed of seminiferous tubules (Sertoli cells and layers of germ cells)

• The remainder consists of interstitial tissue Leydig cells, blood Lymph vessels Connective tissue

• The testicular parenchyma is encased in a thick Connective tissue capsule (tunica albuginea), which is, in turn, covered by a thin, serous membrane (tunica vaginalis propria)

Bull Reproductive anatomy - The mediastinum

• an area of connective tissue extending lengthwise in mid-testis, contains Blood vessels Tubules of the rete testis

Bull Reproductive anatomy - The Epididymis

- an elongated tortuous duct

- extends from the rete testis along the medioposterior border of the testis

Comprises of :

- head ( Caput)

- BODY (Corpus)

- Tail (cauda)

Function:

- Sperm transport

- Sperm maturation

THE BULL PENIS at birth

Is short

o Slender

- Lacks a sigmoid flexure

- Its apex is fused to the inner lining of the prepuce

o With time and under the influence of androgenes

• Penile and preputial tissues separate - The penis elongates

• And a sigmoid flexure develops

Bull - Penile and preputial tissues separation

o Tissue separation proceeds irregularly

- In many bulls is completed only after the onset of erectile activity

- Incomplete separation is defined as a PERSISTENT PENILE FRENULUM ,

Known as a PERSISTENT RAPHE OR TIED PENIS

Bull - THE PREPUCE

o A double invagination of skin

o With its internal lining

• Everting upon penile erection to constitute much of the penile surface

- A fan-shaped protractor prepuce muscle raises and lowers the distal portion of the prepuce

• Controls the size of the preputial opening

retractor prepuce muscle - bull

• Retraction of the membrane lining the inner prepuce is under the control of the retractor prepuce muscle

• Lack of development of this muscle (a condition genetically linked with the polled gene in bulls) predisposes to chronic eversion of this membrane with increased risk of traumatic injury

What causes development and function of accessory glands?

• The development and normal function of the accessory glands depend upon the effects of androgens

CASTRATION causes :

results in marked depression of both development and Secretory functions of the accessory glands

Bull - THE EPIDIDYMIS

With functions including both sperm transport • and maturation

o Spermatozoa leaving the testis lack both

0 The ability to survive in the female tract and To achieve unassisted fertilization

- These capabilities are ACQUIRED IN THE EPIDIDYMIS

Bull - Main functions of epididymis fuctions

1. Energy-efficient storage of sperm while maintaining sperm fertility

2. Intermixing of recently formed and other spermatozoa to prowide a temporal spectrum of optimal sperm function, and

3. Changing sperm attribiutes and enviroment to permit survival and ensure fertilizing capability within the female tract

Bull - DUCTUS DEFERENS

o Sperm are transported from the cauda epididymis to the urethra in the DUCTUS DEFERENS (vas deferens) via muscle contractions that are strongest during precoital stimulation

- The terminal portions of the ductus deferens expand to form THE AMPULLAE

Bull - THE AMPULLAE

- The terminal portions of the ductus deferens expand to form THE AMPULLAE

- Act as minor sperm storage areas

o They also secrete fructose and citric acid into the seminal plasma

- The ductus deferens opens (via the ampullae) into the cranial portion of the pelvic urethra

Bull - THE VESICULAR GLANDS

THE VESICULAR GLANDS (or seminal vesicles) also open into the pelvic urethra Provide much of the fluid component of the bull ejaculate • As well as sperm nutrients • And semen buffers • Are lobulated organs • Approximately 10 to 15 cm in length and 2 to 4 cm in diameter

Bull - Prostate gland

Consists of a small body

- larger disseminate region

- produces 25-40% of semen volume

- Produces semen odor

Bull - Bulbourethral Glands

each open into the pelvuc urethra at the ischial arch

Bull - THE URETHRA

•Is an elongated tube extending from the bladder to the tip of the penis

•Sorrounded by the urethralis muscle,

0 which contracts strongly during ejaculation

Dog - Sexual Maturity

• Male camnes reach their sexual maturity between the age of 6 to 12 months

• Male puppies testicles should be palpable at 6 weeks.

- Lack of testicles at this age may indicate the cryptorchidism.

Dog testicle size/weight

• Weight of dogs' testicles varies between 16 to 45 grams

• The are seasonal differences in dogs' testicles size and the spermatogenesis process

Dog - The qualities of a good stud

• High percentage of impregnated bitches

• Lack of problems during the copulation process

• Proper sequence of copulation reflexes

0 High percentage of puppies born alive

• High quality of semen

When is stud clinical examination preformed?

• Performed once a year in healthy dogs #

• In case of pathologies can be performed every two months (note: spermatozoa life cycle) e In some cases, ex. Toxaemta, recovery takes up to a year

Dog - Stud clinical examination • Climcal history

- Age: older dogs become infertile, transient prepubertal infertility

- Breed and pedigree - familial early fertility loss

- If the dog bred before, how often do they mate, # of "empty" copulations, # of successful copulations,

- number of litters, how big were they,

- date of the last copulation — helps to determne chronology in case of future problems

- frequency of copulation and collections of the semen

Dog - Stud clinical examination • General clinical examination

Gait assessment

• Genitals Palpation

foreskin

penis

epididymis

nipples

prostate • per rectum

semen qua!lty assessment

Dog - Stud clinical examination with Gait assessment - what else?

physical malformations, limping, spinal problems

Dog - Stud clinical examination • Genital Palpation - foreskin problems

• foreskin hypospadias,

phimosis,

paraphimosis,

persistant frenulum

inflammation (CHv-1, Strep )

Wounds

neoplasia,

Dog - Stud clinical examination • Genital Palpation - Penis problems

• penis— outside the prepuce

, Size,

urethra,

placement,

tumors- ex. Sticker's,

mucous membranes,

inflammation,

irritation,

fracture of os

Dog - Stud clinical examination • Genital Palpation - scrotum

— symmetry,

skin disease,

• record the width in case of future degeneration

Dog - Stud clinical examination • Genital Palpation - testicles

• Presence and count,

topography,

texture.

pain,

Softening degeneration, hypoplasia, atrophy. abnormal development

• Hardness -fibrosis, neopiasia, inflammation, prosthesis

- Enlargement — orchius, epididymitis Lumps - neoplasia

Dermatitis — disrupted thermoreguiation

Dog - The quality of semen

- # of spermatozoids in the ejaculate varies from 300 to 900 x 10^6

- 70% of spermatozoids show progressive movement

- % of spermatozoids' morphological defects lower than 30

- Appearance: white, creamy,

- Volume: 2-20ml

Artificial insemination of the bitch • Main Problems

• Lack of male dog acceptance aversion for some dogs

- Imports of semen preserved in liquid or frozen

• The anatomical obstacles

• Excitable male dogs

• Definitely heavier male dogs than bitches

• Brachycephalic dogs

- Lack of proportion between the genitals of male and female

• The use of preserved semen

Artificial insemination of the bitch • Lack of male dog acceptance

- dominant bitches do not allow weak male dogs

- Bitches with previously episodes of fight With a dog during mating

- Bitches hyperactive, nervous, timid or too "spoiled„

Artificial insemination of the bitch • Bitch in heat- Adequate quality of the semen ?

Adequate quality of the semen

• min. —5 ml of the semen

• 150— 200 min motile sperm cells

• 70% sperm cells with correct movement

• Equipment heated to body temperature

Artificial insemination of the bitch • Bitch in heat - Tests

• The cycle phase should be routinely tested

• The test could by shorted to 1 test Performed

• cytologic examination

• vaginoscopy

- progesterone test

• electrical resistance

Artificial insemination of the bitch - Types of semen

• Fresh semen

• Chilled semen (preserved in liguid)

• Frozen semen in liguid nitrogen

Semen quality assessment • Semen collection methods - Dog

masturbation

- artificial vagina

- electro ejaculation

Artificial insemination of the bitch - Frozen preservation

• High quality semen: 80% sperm cells progressive movement

• After centrifuging the concentration 200-300 min sperm cells

- Slowly decreasing of the temperature to - 196 oc

• Single insemination dose should contains 150 to 200 min sperm cells with progressive movement

• Highest conception rate of canine semen in female reproductive tract is 24-48 h

Artificial insemination of the bitch - Locations to deposit different types of semen

• Intravaginal (fresh semen and chilled semen)

• Intrauterine (intracervical) (chilld and frozen semen)

- Vaginoscopy

• Endoscopy

• Surgical (frozen semen)

• Laparotomy

• Laparoscopy

-Bullsemen / ejaculate amount

4-9ml- very concentrated

-equinelibido scale -

shorterL1-L4, stallion L4 (maximum) is expectable unlike other animals

Stallionejaculate - amount

40-90ml(10x time more than bull)

-boarlibido

L2+ L3 is expectable

-Semen/Ejaculate volume in boar

150-250even to 500ml (consistency is watery)

Smallruminant libido

L0-L4 (very good ram L4 is excepted)

Smallruminant ejaculate amaount

0.5-1.5 ml

-Spermatogenesisprocess + common problems

2-3months - fevermain causes problems/ trauma/ inflammation / vaccines

testfor granulosa cell tumor of ovary

Antimullarian hormone

number of accessory glands in dog

Dogsonly have one gland = Prostate

Bulland boar accessory glands

Bulland boar have 3 accessory glands

Paraphimosis

-cannot retract penis in foreskin

Ospenis fracture

common after RTA (car accident)

hyperestrogenemiain male dogs

(penistowards the floor) near 90degrees

Para-anal hernia

commonin old age (weakening of pelvic diaphragm muscles)

Dog - lobesof prostate

twolobes of prostate on both sides of urethra

Transmissibleveneral tumor in dogs

usually veryrare (common in hot countries)

Seminal vesicle function

secrete thick liquid to transport sperm

prostate function

secrete thin alkaline solution to neutralise urine and female system

cowpers gland

secretion, lubrication and form gelatinous plug