Social Psychology Final Exam pt. 2

intragroup perspective

interact, depend, and influence one another

intergroup perspective

shared social identity, identify w/ group

deindividuation

anonymity, diffusion of responsibility — large crowds

social facilitation

the presence of others increases arousal, which strengthens dominant responses — tasks are easy and person feels confident

social loafing

individual contributions are harder to identify, reduced accountability — task importance is low, large groups

groupthink

desire for harmony, pressure to conform — strong leaders, high stress situation

group polarization

persuasive arguments, reinforcement from others — strong group identity, extensive discussion

minority influence

persistent minorities cause others to reconsider their views — minority remains consistent

determines better vs. worse performance

social facilitation — task is simple and familiar and social inhibition — task is difficult and unfamiliar

core tenets of social identity theory

us vs. them, adopt group identity, compare groups to maintain or enhance self-esteem

mere categorization

we naturally simply the world into us vs. them

realistic threat

creates competition

symbolic threat

groups feel their identity is being challenged

tragedy of the commons

more likely to occur when resource is shared and unregulated and individuals act independently, less likely to occur with rules, communication, and strong group identity

intergroup contact theory

studied how conflict and cooperation develop between groups of boys in a summer camp

criteria for effective intergroup contact

equal status between groups, common goals, cooperation, institutional support, opportunity for friendship

firm, fair, friendly

starts with cooperation, responds in kind, punishes defection but forgives return to cooperation

criteria for fulfilling need to belong

frequent, positive interaction and stable, long-term caring bonds

sociometer

interpret signals: inclusion vs. exclusion, attention vs. neglect, and approval vs. disproval

cyberball

a lab game where participants are included or excluded from a virtual ball-tossing game

cyberball results

shows that even brief exclusion causes hurt feelings, lower self-esteem, and emotional distress

attachment theory

early relationships w/ caregivers shape how we regulate emotions, form relationships, and view ourselves and others

secure attachment parenting style

responsive, consistent, emotionally available

anxious attachment parenting style

inconsistent responsiveness

avoidant attachment parenting style

emotionally unavailable or rejecting

strange situation paradigm

a lab procedure where a child experiences caregiver presence then separation, and then reunion with caregiver and presence of a stranger

secure base

caregiver provides safety so child can explore environment

separation protest

distress when caregiver leaves

proximity-seeking

moving toward caregiver for comfort or safety

safe havens

caregiver provides comfort when the child is distressed

secure in adult

comfortable with intimacy, trust partners, balance closeness and independence

anxious in adult

fear abandonment, high need for reassurance, emotionally reactive

avoidant in adult

discomfort with closeness, value independence, suppress emotional needs

disorganized attachment in infants

confused or contradictory behavior, fear of caregiver

disorganized attachment in adults

unstable relationships, fear and desire for closeness , difficulty regulating emotions

dimensions of attachment

attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance

four quadrants of attachment

secure (low anxiety, low avoidance), anxious (high anxiety, low avoidance), avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance), fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)

health cues

clear skin, symmetry, youthful appearance, bright eyes, physical fitness, good posture, healthy weight

non love

no intimacy, passion, or commitment

liking

intimacy only

infatuation

passion only

empty love

commitment only

romantic love

intimacy and passion

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

fatuous love

passion and commitment

consummate love

intimacy, passion, and commitment

secure partners

provide and receive support effectively

anxious partners

can interpret ambiguous situations as rejection

avoidant partners

often provide and seek less support

exit

active + destructive

voice

active + constructive

loyalty

passive + constructive

neglect

passive + destructive

goal conflict

psychology seeks to understand and explain behavior, law seeks to resolve disputes and make decisions about guilt, innocence, or liability

method conflict

psychology uses scientific methods, experiments, and statistical evidence, and law relies on legal procedures, testimony, and precedent

literature conflict

in psychology, knowledge is constantly revised as new evidence emerges, but law relies heavily on established rules and precedent, which may change slowly

decision-making conflict

psychology accepts uncertainty and probabilities, but law often requires clear decisions

factors that predict reliability of eyewitness testimony

good viewing conditions, lack of suggestive testimony, immediate identification

FACS

facial action coding system

FACS is used

to detect micro expressions, brief flashes of emotion, and inconsistencies between facial expressions and verbal statements

voluntary false confession

a person confesses without external pressure

coerced-compliant false confession

a person knows they are innocent but confesses to escape a stressful interrogation or to gain a promised reward

coerced-internalized false confession

a person begins to believe they may actually have committed the crime

guilty false confession

a person who committed one offense false confesses to another offense

reid technique

assumes investigators can identify deception, confrontational approach, attempts to obtain a confession

PEACE

planning and preparation, engagement and explain, account, closure, evaluation

PEACE technique

information-gathering, less confrontational, focuses on obtaining accurate information, avoids coercive tactics

reid technique drawbacks

increased risk of false confessions, confirmation bias, presumption of guilt, vulnerable populations at greater risk

PEACE addresses drawbacks

reduces pressure, focuses on information, reduces confirmation bias, lower risk of false confessions

make interrogations more reliable

record entire interrogations, use open-ended questioning, avoid leading questions, use PEACE, limit excessively long interrogations