6.3 Central Nervous System

The central nervous system consists of the brain and (1) ____ ____.

It is protected by ____, ____, and ____ ____ .

The (1) ____ ____ leaves the skull through the ____ ____.

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

It is protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.

The spinal cord leaves the skull through the foramen magnum.

Grey matter is made of ____, the ____ and ____ of ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____. Its purpose is ____ between ____ and ____ ____ through ____.

White matter is made of ____ ____ bundled together. Its purpose is ____ between the ____ and ____.

Grey matter is made of interneurons, the soma and dendrites of motor neurons, and sensory neuron axons. Its purpose is communication between sensory and motor neurons through interneurons.

White matter is made of myelinated interneurons bundled together. Its purpose is communication between the brain and PNS

The four parts of the brain are:

• ____

• ____

• ____

• ____ ____

The four parts of the brain are:

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

The cerebrum is the ____ part of the brain.

Its outer surface, called the ____ ____, is made of ____ ____. It accounts for ____, ____ ____, and ____.

It is divided into the ____ and ____ ____ by the ____ ____.

It has 4 lobes:

• ____

• ____

• ____

• ____

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.

Its outer surface, called the cerebral cortex, is made of grey matter. It accounts for sensation, voluntary movement, and thought.

It is divided into the left and right hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure.

It has 4 lobes:

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Occipital

• Temporal

The cerebral cortex is the ____ ____ of the brain, consisting of:

• the ____ ____, which ____ ____ ____ , and

• the ____ ____, which ____ ____ from the body.

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, consisting of:

• the motor cortex, which sends information out, and

• the somatosensory cortex, which receives information from the body.

Frontal Lobe:

• Includes the ____ ____ ____, which controls ____ ____ ____.

• Includes ____ ____, which controls ____.

• Considered the control centre for our ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Frontal Lobe:

• Includes the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary skeletal muscles.

• Includes Broca’s area, which controls speech.

• Considered the control centre for our behaviour, emotions, and personality.

Parietal Lobe:

• Includes the ____ ____ ____, which receives ____ ____ from ____ and ____ ____, then ____ it.

Parietal Lobe:

• Includes the primary somatosensory cortex, which receives sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles, then analyzes it.

Homonculus is a representation of how much ____ ____ comes from ____ ____ ____ , with ____ ____ getting more ____ ____ .

Homonculus is a representation of how much sensory information comes from different body parts, with bigger parts meaning more sensory receptors.

Occipital Lobe:

• Processes ____ information.

• Associates ____ ____ with ____ ____.

Occipital Lobe:

• Processes visual information.

• Associates new information with old information.

Temporal Lobe:

• Receives information from ____ and ____.

• Associates ____ ____ with ____ ____.

• Includes the ____ ____, which is for ____ ____ ____.

Temporal Lobe:

• Receives information from ears and nose.

• Associates new information with old information.

• Includes the Wernickle’s area, which is for understanding written/spoken text.

Cerebellum:

• Receives ____ ____ from ____ and ____ to ____ ____ and ____ ____.

Cerebellum:

• Receives sensory input from joints and muscles to control balance and maintain posture.

The Diencephalon consists of the

• ____

• ____

• ____ ____

The Diencephalon consists of the

• Thalamus

• Hypothalamus

• Pineal gland

The thalamus ____ ____ from the ____, ____, ____, and ____ areas from the ____ and sends it to appropriate areas of the cerebrum.

The thalamus receives input from the visual, auditory, taste, and somatosensory areas from the PNS and sends it to appropriate ares of the cerebrum.

The hypothalamus regulates ____, ____, ____, _____, ____, ____, and ____. ____

It also ____ ____, such as ____.

It controls the ____ ____, which link the ____ and ____ systems.

The hypothalamus regulates sleep, thirst, hunger, body temperature, blood pressure, and water balance.

It also produces hormones, such as ADH.

It controls the pituitary glands, which link the nervous and endocrine systems.

The pineal gland ____ ____.

The pineal gland secretes melatonin.

The midbrain connects the ____, ____, and ____ ____ and acts as a ____ ____.

The midbrain connects the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord and acts as a relay station.

The pons consists of ____ connecting the cerebellum to the ____.

Works with the ____ ____ to ____ ____.

The pons consists of axons connecting the cerebellum to the CNS.

Works with the medulla oblongata to control breathing.

The medulla oblongata consists of reflex centres that control:

• ____ ____

• ____

• ____

• reflexes such as:

  • ____

  • ____

  • ____

  • ____

  • ____

The medulla oblongata consists of reflex centres that control:

• heart rate

• respiration

• vasoconstriction

• reflexes such as:

  • coughing

  • swallowing

  • vomiting

  • sneezing

  • hiccuping

The corpus callosum consists of ____ ____ and connects the ____ and ____ ____ ____.

The corpus callosum consists of white matter and connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

The limbic system includes the ____ and (1) ____. Its function is for ____ and ____.

It prompts the release of ____ from ____ ____.

The (1) ____ ____ to and ____ emotions.

The limbic system includes the hippocampus and amygdala. Its function is for learning and memory.

It prompts the release of adrenaline from adrenal glands.

The amygdala responds to and displays emotions.